Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability

Abstract

Absolute pitch (AP) is the rare ability to identify the pitch of a tone without the aid of a reference tone. Understanding both the nature and genesis of AP can provide insights into neuroplasticity in the auditory system. We explored factors that may influence the accuracy of pitch perception in AP subjects both during the development of the trait and in later age. We used a Web-based survey and a pitch-labeling test to collect perceptual data from 2,213 individuals, 981 (44%) of whom proved to have extraordinary pitch-naming ability. The bimodal distribution in pitch-naming ability signifies AP as a distinct perceptual trait, with possible implications for its genetic basis. The wealth of these data has allowed us to uncover unsuspected note-naming irregularities suggestive of a ''perceptual magnet'' centered at the note ''A.'' In addition, we document a gradual decline in pitch-naming accuracy with age, characterized by a perceptual shift in the ''sharp'' direction. These findings speak both to the process of acquisition of AP and to its stability.perceptual magnet ͉ pitch perception

Pitch chroma discrimination, generalization, and transfer tests of octave equivalence in humans

“…If the replication failed with humans, then we need to develop a more effective procedure for testing humans: one that takes pitch height into account and can also be adapted for training birds. Humans with absolute pitch (AP) can usually identify the chroma of a pitch across octaves, so we prescreened the participants to identify AP possessors using a note-naming test (Athos, Levinson, Kistler, Zemansky, Bostrom, Freimer, & Gitschier, 2007).…”

“…The protocol was adapted from a procedure used by Athos et al (2007) to test 2,213 participants: The note durations and frequencies were a direct replication of Athos et al's procedure. In the note-naming tests, we identified AP possessors using Athos et al's scoring protocol: 1 point for each correct identification, and 0.75 points for responses to notes ±1 semitone from the correct note.…”

Absolute pitch: A special group of ears

“…The authors found that AP individuals designated a much broader range of frequencies as ''A'' than was the case for other notes. Athos et al (2) suggest that this odd phenomenon may be explained by the fact that not all modern orchestras tune to 440 Hz. Some, particularly in Europe, tune to slightly higher frequencies, such as 442 or even 446 Hz.…”

“…Athos et al (2) report results from an unusually large group of AP subjects, recruited and evaluated through an interactive web site that provided information on Ͼ2,000 individuals. Their results are both surprising and significant.…”

“…However, unlike most inherited neurological conditions for which affected individuals present themselves to a medical specialist, AP individuals and families have not been easily ascertained. The demonstration by Athos et al (2) that a web site can be an effective tool for identifying, testing, and recruiting AP subjects is an important development. The identification of the genetic variation that leads to AP is likely to tell us much about a part of the auditory system that is currently obscure, and the results of Athos et al are indeed encouraging in this quest.…”