Dichloromethane Crude Extract of Gymnanthemum extensum Combined with Low Piperine Fractional Piper nigrum Extract Induces Apoptosis on Human Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Faisal et al.: G. Extensum Combined with P. Nigrum Induces Apoptosis This study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity of Andrographis paniculata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Gymnanthemum extensum crude extracts and their combination with low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract. All plants were extracted with water and five organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexane). Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay on three cancer types (breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers) and two non-cancerous cells. The combination among extracts with low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract was separately conducted in several tests including cytotoxicity, apoptosis and multi caspase activity. We found that, the dichloromethane crude extract of Andrographis paniculata, Ziziphus spinachristi and Gymnanthemum extensum exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity on colorectal cancer cells SW-620 (7.49±0.04 µg. ml -1 ), breast cancer cells Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (13.35±0.30 µg. ml -1 ) and ovarian cancer cells A2780 (15.58±1.81 µg. ml -1 ), respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry study of dichloromethane crude extract of Andrographis paniculata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Gymnanthemum extensum identified major compounds including 1-heptatriacotanol (60.29 %) and palmitic acid (26.92 % for dichloromethane crude extract of Ziziphus spina-christi and 21.40 % for dichloromethane crude extract of Gymnanthemum extensum), respectively. The combination of dichloromethane crude extract of Ziziphus spina-christi and low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract at ratio IC 50 :0.5IC 50 showed a moderate synergistic effect on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. Interestingly, the mixture of dichloromethane crude extract of Gymnanthemum extensum with low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract at ratio IC 50 :IC 50 , 0.5 IC 50 :IC 50 and IC 50 :0.5 IC 50 exhibited a synergistic effect on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. Moreover, combination of dichloromethane crude extract of Gymnanthemum extensum with low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract induced the apoptosis and multi caspase activity in a time dependent manner. In conclusion, dichloromethane crude extract of Andrographis paniculata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Gymnanthemum extensum displayed potent anticancer activities and the combination of dichloromethane crude extract of Gymnanthemum extensum with low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract can be a promising regimen for an alternative cancer treatment.

In vitro cytotoxic potential of extracts from Aristolochia foetida Kunth against MCF-7 and bMECs cell lines

“…In the dichloromethane extract of Andrographis paniculata , Ziziphus spina-christi and Gymnanthemum extensum it exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity on SW-620 colorectal cancer cells (IC 50 = 7.49 µg/mL), MCF-7 cell line (IC 50 = 13.35 µg/mL) and A2780 ovarian cancer cells (IC 50 = 15.58 µg/mL), respectively. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry study of the dichloromethane extract of the aforementioned species identified major compounds including 1-heptatriacotanol and hexadecanoic acid ( Faisal et al, 2021 ).…”

Penambatan Molekul Senyawa Volatil Ekstrak Diklorometana Sambiloto Terhadap Jalur Pensinyal Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

“…Metode penambatan molekul merupakan salah satu pendekatan dengan bantuan komputer dengan menggunakan struktur 3 dimensi dari senyawa kimia dan protein-protein yang tersedia dalam sebuah database (Luo, Xie, & Marmorstein, 2008). Penelitian kami sebelumnya mengenai ekstrak daun sambiloto ternyata menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa ekstrak diklorometana dari daun sambiloto dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker kolorektal (HT-29 dan SW-620) (Faisal et al, 2021). Pada ekstrak tersebut kami mendapatkan 17 senyawa volatil ekstrak diklorometana daun sambiloto.…”