Diazinon. II. Residues in plants, soil, and water

Bartsch, E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9846-5_2

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The relatively high water solubility (40–60 mg/L at 20°C) and high estimated K oc (1,000) of diazinon result in a relatively longer environmental persistence than many other anti‐ChE insecticides [7,28,29]. Diazinon does not bind tightly to soil particles and seldom penetrates below the top 5 cm of soil [61,62]; therefore, diazinon would be readily bioavailable on the litter layer or soil surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This results in a greater chance of uptake by organisms as well as indicating a propensity for storage and, hence, a longer persistence in the body [62,63]. The 50% persistence rate of diazinon in soil is estimated to be from two to four weeks [28] to 40 d [29]. Diazinon may remain biologically active in soils for up to one year or more under certain environmental conditions [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diazinon 4E was applied at day 0 of each trial using a CO 2 ‐powered backpack unit with 1.83‐m boom at a constant rate under 40 lb of pressure using 20 gal H 2 O/acre, and applied relatively close to the ground (≤0.5 m). The exposure scheme using diazinon was that of a pulse, or one‐time, exposure applied at the start of each trial and terminating on day 30 after diazinon application, the approximate half‐life of diazinon in the environment [28,29].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of field exposure to diazinon on small mammals inhabiting a semienclosed prairie grassland ecosystem. I. Ecological and reproductive effects

Sheffield

Lochmiller

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The widespread use of cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides in the environment presents increasing concerns about their effects on human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. As a group, these pesticides are generally highly toxic and have great potential for negatively affecting nontarget organisms. Small mammals have proven to be ideal biomonitors of environmental contaminants, and were used here to test for possible effects of a widely used cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide, diazinon, in a natural field setting. Using 12 0.1-ha terrestrial mesocosms, we examined the effects of low-level diazinon exposure on the small mammal communities inhabiting semienclosed grassland ecosystems. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that diazinon, applied at two different recommended label application rates, would not cause any observable adverse ecological or reproductive effects on small mammal populations and communities. Experimental small mammal communities consisting of Sigmodon hispidus, Microtus ochrogaster, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, and Mus musculus were stocked at natural densities and sex ratios inside empty mesocosms. Diazinon 4E was applied at two different maximum recommended label application rates, 0.56 kg a.i./ha (1ϫ) and 4.5 kg a.i./ha (8ϫ), and controls remained unsprayed, with four enclosures (replicates) per treatment. Two 30-d trials were run during peak rodent breeding seasons and enclosures were sampled on days 2, 16, and 30 of each trial. Recovery of small mammals was not significantly different among treatments, although fewer animals were recovered from the diazinon-exposed enclosures in both trials. Analysis of trapping data suggested that the normally strong competitive relationship between Sigmodon and Microtus may be altered by the pesticide, favoring Microtus in the diazinon-exposed enclosures. Incidence of reproductive condition was found to be reduced 20 to 80% and 33 to 100% in diazinon-exposed males and females, respectively. Reproductive productivity, including percentage of pregnant females and of females giving birth, was significantly reduced in diazinon-exposed animals. Percentage of pregnant females ranged from 13.6 to 43.5% in diazinon-exposed animals compared to 40 to 80% for control animals, and percentage of females giving birth ranged from 0 to 17% in diazinon-exposed animals compared to 22 to 50% for control animals. Generally, the effects found in this study suggest that diazinon was relatively persistent in the sprayed enclosures and that oral routes of exposure (consumption of dead and dying arthropods, grooming) may have been important. Ecological relationships and reproduction in both herbivorous and omnivorous mammals were negatively impacted by diazinon exposure. Overall, ecological relationships in the enclosed prairie grassland ecosystem were disrupted by diazinon, probably through a combination of sublethal effects, particularly reproductive effects, impacting individuals and their populations. This suggests that negative impacts on populations and...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of field exposure to diazinon on small mammals inhabiting a semienclosed prairie grassland ecosystem. I. Ecological and reproductive effects

Sheffield

Lochmiller

2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…By comparison, the soil temperatures following the diazinon applications in treatments 2 and 3, averaged 12.8°C and 13.8°C respectively (Agfirst 1998). Higher temperatures are known to accelerate the non-biological degradation of diazinon (Bartsch 1974), and Tate (1970) warned that diazinon did not have sufficient persistence to control carrot rust fly if used in warm soils (over 15°C). Bro-Rasmussen et al (1968) claimed that an essential part of diazinon degradation was caused by the activity of micro-organisms and since temperature affects the activity of soil micro-organisms (McLaren and Cameron 1990) they would, in turn, affect diazinon degradation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil degradation of diazinon and its effect on the emergence of apple leafcurling midge

Smith¹,

Chapman²,

Frampton³

1998

pnzppc

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The degradation of diazinon residues in the soil of an orchard on the Waimea Plains, Nelson was determined. The half life of diazinon varied significantly between 12.2 and 27.7 days, depending on the time of application. Soil applications of diazinon had a significant effect on the emergence of adult apple leafcurling midge (ALM) (Dasineura mali Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). More ALM were captured in the control and plots treated with diazinon on 7 September than in plots treated with diazinon on 21 September and 5 October.

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“…20,2001 S.R. The exposure scheme using diazinon was that of a pulse, or one-time, exposure applied at the start of each trial and terminating on day 30 after diazinon application, the approximate half-life of diazinon in the environment [28,29]. Lochmiller is omnivorous, eating plant material, especially seeds, as well as insects and other invertebrates.…”

Section: Field Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Field Exposure to Diazinon on Small Mammals Inhabiting a Semienclosed Prairie Grassland Ecosystem. I. Ecological and Reproductive Effects

Sheffield¹,

Lochmiller²

2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The widespread use of cholinesterase‐inhibiting pesticides in the environment presents increasing concerns about their effects on human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. As a group, these pesticides are generally highly toxic and have great potential for negatively affecting nontarget organisms. Small mammals have proven to be ideal biomonitors of environmental contaminants, and were used here to test for possible effects of a widely used cholinesterase‐inhibiting insecticide, diazinon, in a natural field setting. Using 12 0.1‐ha terrestrial mesocosms, we examined the effects of low‐level diazinon exposure on the small mammal communities inhabiting semienclosed grassland ecosystems. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that diazinon, applied at two different recommended label application rates, would not cause any observable adverse ecological or reproductive effects on small mammal populations and communities. Experimental small mammal communities consisting of Sigmodon hispidus, Microtus ochrogaster, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, and Mus musculus were stocked at natural densities and sex ratios inside empty mesocosms. Diazinon 4E was applied at two different maximum recommended label application rates, 0.56 kg a.i./ha (1×) and 4.5 kg a.i./ha (8×), and controls remained unsprayed, with four enclosures (replicates) per treatment. Two 30‐d trials were run during peak rodent breeding seasons and enclosures were sampled on days 2, 16, and 30 of each trial. Recovery of small mammals was not significantly different among treatments, although fewer animals were recovered from the diazinon‐exposed enclosures in both trials. Analysis of trapping data suggested that the normally strong competitive relationship between Sigmodon and Microtus may be altered by the pesticide, favoring Microtus in the diazinon‐exposed enclosures. Incidence of reproductive condition was found to be reduced 20 to 80% and 33 to 100% in diazinon‐exposed males and females, respectively. Reproductive productivity, including percentage of pregnant females and of females giving birth, was significantly reduced in diazinon‐exposed animals. Percentage of pregnant females ranged from 13.6 to 43.5% in diazinon‐exposed animals compared to 40 to 80% for control animals, and percentage of females giving birth ranged from 0 to 17% in diazinon‐exposed animals compared to 22 to 50% for control animals. Generally, the effects found in this study suggest that diazinon was relatively persistent in the sprayed enclosures and that oral routes of exposure (consumption of dead and dying arthropods, grooming) may have been important. Ecological relationships and reproduction in both herbivorous and omnivorous mammals were negatively impacted by diazinon exposure. Overall, ecological relationships in the enclosed prairie grassland ecosystem were disrupted by diazinon, probably through a combination of sublethal effects, particularly reproductive effects, impacting individuals and their populations. This suggests that negative impacts on populations and...

show abstract

Diazinon. II. Residues in plants, soil, and water

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of field exposure to diazinon on small mammals inhabiting a semienclosed prairie grassland ecosystem. I. Ecological and reproductive effects

Effects of field exposure to diazinon on small mammals inhabiting a semienclosed prairie grassland ecosystem. I. Ecological and reproductive effects

Soil degradation of diazinon and its effect on the emergence of apple leafcurling midge

Effects of Field Exposure to Diazinon on Small Mammals Inhabiting a Semienclosed Prairie Grassland Ecosystem. I. Ecological and Reproductive Effects

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