Diatom-Specific Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide Structures Help to Unravel Biosynthetic Capabilities in Diatoms

Gügi, Bruno; Costaouëc, Tinaïg Le; Burel, Carole; Lerouge, Patrice; Helbert, William; Bardor, Muriel

doi:10.3390/md13095993

Cited by 137 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…We prefer to not term this fraction as “starch” because the applied assay included acid hydrolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using the enzyme amyloglucosidase, cleaving α‐1,4 and α‐1,6‐glucan bonds of polysaccharides. Microalgae have been described to contain glucose as monosaccharides besides starch (de Jesus Raposo, de Morais, & de Morais, , ; Sui, Gizaw, & BeMiller, ) and with α‐1,4 or α‐1,6‐glucan bonds (e.g., chrysolaminarin in Phaeodactylum ) (Goo et al., ; Gügi et al., ). Such polysaccharides might have been degraded to glucose by acid hydrolysis or amyloglucosidase or both and hence might have mimicked starch.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products

Wild

Steingaß

Rodehutscord

2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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The chemical composition of 16 microalgae products of four genera, Arthrospira (n = 2), Chlorella (n = 8), Nannochloropsis (n = 4) and Phaeodactylum (n = 2), was assayed to evaluate the intra- and inter-genera variation of nutrient profiles of commercial microalgae products. Crude protein was the main component in all genera, followed by ether extract and crude ash. Mean crude protein concentrations were 690, 502, 431 and 446 g/kg dry matter, and mean ether extract concentrations were 63, 157, 188 and 113 g/kg dry matter for Arthrospira, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis and Phaeodactylum respectively. However, there was considerable inter- and intra-genera variation. The concentration of α-linked glucose was low (0-143 g/kg dry matter). There was high variation between and within genera in the crude ash concentration (22-237 g/kg dry matter), which was also observed for the mineral composition. In contrast to the crude protein concentration, the amino acid composition of the protein (g amino acid/16 g N) was less variable. The investigated samples possessed high concentrations of Glx, Asx and Leu, and low concentrations of Cys and Met. The mean concentration of non-protein nitrogen compounds was highest in Phaeodactylum (110 g/kg dry matter) and lowest in Nannochloropsis (47 g/kg dry matter) products, and as with proximate nutrients, high variability between and within genera was observed. In vitro crude protein digestibility varied between 54% (non-cell-disrupted Nannochloropsis) and 84% (cell-disrupted Chlorella). Inositol phosphate isomers were not detectable in any sample (concentration <1 μmol/g dry matter). The predominant fatty acids were C16:0 in Arthrospira products, C18:2 n-6+ C19:1 t7 and C18:3 n-3 in Chlorella products, and C20:5 n-3 in Nannochloropsis and Phaeodactylum products; however, the relative proportions of fatty acids varied within genera. Commercially available microalgae products appear to be valuable alternative food and feed products. However, because of the high variability in nutrient profiles, attention should be given to the analytical characterization of the products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products

Wild

Steingaß

Rodehutscord

2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…However, sulfate groups were found to decorate the carbohydrate backbone of several secreted polysaccharides and matrix lipo-polysaccharides biosynthesized by marine bacteria (Mancuso Nichols et al, 2005;Nazarenko et al, 2011). Composition analyses attested also the structural diversity of sulfated polysaccharides biosynthesized in microalgae but only a few polysaccharide structures have been resolved (Hoagland et al, 1993;Gügi et al, 2015). For example, studies and structural analyses of the main cell-wall polysaccharide in diatoms-a group of ecologically important marine organismssuggest that it is a sulfated glucuronmannan (Percival and McDowell, 1967;Willis et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Polysaccharide Sulfatases

Helbert

2017

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Polysaccharides are the most abundant and the most complex organic molecules in the ocean. In contrast to land polysaccharides, many marine polysaccharides are highly sulfated; in particular, the cell walls of macroalgae harbor a high diversity of sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenans, agarans, fucoidans, ulvans, etc.). These sulfated polysaccharides, biosynthesized by macroalgal primary producers, represent an important food source for heterotrophic organisms. Their biodegradation requires a set of enzymes that can cleave the glycosidic linkages of the carbohydrate backbone (called glycoside hydrolases) and the sulfate ester groups (called polysaccharide sulfatases). This review first provides on overview of the current state of knowledge on the classification and mechanisms of sulfatases in general. Then, based on an exploration of marine genomic and metagenomics data that reveals the diversity of carbohydrate sulfatases, it focuses on strategies to predict these sulfatases. In particular, the modularity of sulfatases and their location in marine polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) provide clues as to their potential substrates and can drive future functional assays. Finally, the review underscores the low number of currently biochemically characterized marine carbohydrate sulfatases (e.g., agarases, carrageenanases, and fucose sulfatases). Bottlenecks encountered in studies on sulfatases likely lie in the difficulties in purifying them and producing them in heterologous systems.

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“…The siliceous material of diatoms has been found to incorporate a framework of SiO2 polymer structures along with polysaccharides. 23 All three spectra (of SSA, diatom and PDMS) exhibit two large peaks at 2906 and 2967 cm -1 . The relative intensities for these two Raman modes are slightly different between the spectra, resulting in a positive χ 2 error at 2906 cm -1 .…”

Section: Types Of Organic Compounds Identified In Ssa By Ramanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6]9,14,22 The OM fraction of SSA depends on size and varies in composition; field studies have reported that the majority of OM in the bulk submicrometer marine aerosol is relatively water insoluble and that in supermicrometer SSA is mostly water soluble. [12][13][14][23][24][25][26] Spectroscopic measurements of SSA particles collected in the field have shown that the oxygen-rich organic fraction of individual particles contains molecules with spectral signatures that are characteristic of saccharides, 24 and signatures for carboxylic acids 26 and alkanes 27 have also been observed.…”

Section: The Bigger Picturementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Diversity of Sea Spray Aerosol Particles: Impact of Ocean Biology on Particle Composition and Hygroscopicity

Cochran

Laskina

Trueblood

et al. 2017

Chem

128

252

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Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles were found to be diverse with respect to their molecular composition. The number distribution of the SSA particle ensemble, as defined by the molecular signatures in individual particles, shifted in response to changes in the activity of phytoplankton and bacteria in the seawater. This dynamic shift in the molecular composition of individual SSA particles changes their hygroscopicity, a key climate-relevant property. SUMMARYThe impact of sea spray aerosol (SSA) on climate depends on the size and chemical composition of individual particles that make up the total SSA ensemble. There remains a lack of understanding as to the composition of individual particles within the SSA ensemble and how it changes in response to dynamic ocean biology. Here, we characterize the classes of organic compounds as well as specific molecules within individual SSA particles. The diversity of molecules within the organic fraction was observed to vary between submicrometer-and supermicrometer-sized particles and included contributions from fatty acids, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and siliceous material. Significant changes in this molecular diversity were observed to coincide with the rise and fall of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria populations within the seawater. Furthermore, the water uptake of individual particles was affected, as learned from studying the hygroscopicity of model systems composed of representative mixtures of salts and organic compounds.

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Diatom-Specific Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide Structures Help to Unravel Biosynthetic Capabilities in Diatoms

Cited by 137 publications

References 142 publications

Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products

Variability in nutrient composition and in vitro crude protein digestibility of 16 microalgae products

Marine Polysaccharide Sulfatases

Molecular Diversity of Sea Spray Aerosol Particles: Impact of Ocean Biology on Particle Composition and Hygroscopicity

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