Diatom assemblages promote ice formation in large lakes

D’Souza, Nigel; Kawarasaki, Yuta; Gantz, J. D.; Lee, R E; Beall, Benjamin F. N.; Shtarkman, Yury M.; Koçer, Zeynep A.; Rogers, Scott O.; Wildschutte, Hans; Bullerjahn, George S.; McKay, R. Michael L.

doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.49

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Traditionally, investigators have argued that ice-associated communities are most prevalent in ice formed from seawater; as salinity increases, the volume of unfrozen brines within the ice that the microbes can inhabit increases, and the bottom surface of the ice becomes more uneven, increasing bottom algal settlement efficiency (Legendre et al, 1981;Gosselin et al, 1986). However, more recently, investigators have also found algae growing within and on the bottom of freshwater ice in lakes and rivers, including locations in Canada such as the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River (Bondarenko et al, 2006;Frenette et al, 2008;Twiss et al, 2012;D'souza et al, 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O 2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O 2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases.First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community's access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers.Second, I measured O 2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15 NO -3 uptake and O 2 /Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O 2 /Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations.Third, I quantified productivity by O 2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer ( 3 He/SF 6 ) release during ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H 2 O into the O 2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46-97 %.In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O 2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Manning¹

2017

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“…Morris et al [27,28] showed cultivable Pseudomonas syringae were present in a variety of fresh water habitats at 0.05 to 10 mL −1 , with most characterised as ice nucleation active. In addition, diatoms thought to be associated with ice nucleating bacteria in lake water were shown to produce ice at up to −3 • C [29]. Pietsch et al [30] investigated the aerosolisation of two strains of Pseudomonas in a Collison nebuliser; air was injected at high velocity through the nebulizer's orifice which broke the cell suspension apart into small droplets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance of Biological Ice Nucleating Particles in the Mississippi and Its Major Tributaries

Moffett¹,

Hill

DeMott

2018

Atmosphere

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Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are rare among atmospheric aerosols. However, through their ability to induce freezing of cloud droplets in cold clouds, they affect cloud lifetime, cloud albedo, and the efficiency and distribution of precipitation. While terrestrial sources of INPs are the focus of much research, the potential of rivers and lakes to be significant INP reservoirs has been neglected. In the first survey of a major river system, surface waters from the Mississippi, Missouri, Platte, and Sweetwater Rivers, all draining east and south from the Great Divide in the United States of America (USA), were tested for their INP concentrations. The survey comprised 49 samples, taken approximately every 150-250 km along 90% of the Mississippi (from Natchez, MS to the source at Bemidji, MN), the full length of the Missouri, 90% of the North Platte, and all of the Sweetwater. Samples were analysed using the immersion freezing method. The highest freezing temperature varied between −4 and −6 • C, and the concentration of INPs active at −10 • C or warmer ranged from 87 to 47,000 mL −1 . The average INP concentration at −10 • C was 4950 mL −1 , almost four orders of magnitude greater than the numbers of INPs typically found active at this temperature in seawater. The majority of INPs (69 to >99%) were heat labile (deactivated by heating to 95 • C) and therefore likely to be biological. Although the surface area of rivers is limited, their significant concentrations of INPs suggest that freshwater emissions should be investigated for their potential impact on regional cloud processes.

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“…Bottom-associated algae likely release much of their O 2 into the water column, especially for filamentous forms such as the diatoms frequently observed in Lake Erie and the Arctic (D'souza et al, 2013;Boetius et al, 2013). We quantify non-steady state NOP, incorporating the observed changes in O 2 /Ar during the time-series.…”

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Changes in gross oxygen production, net oxygen production, and air-water gas exchange during seasonal ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lake, a Canadian estuary

Manning

Stanley

Nicholson

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Sea ice is an important control on gas exchange and primary production in polar regions. We measured net oxygen production and gross oxygen production using near-continuous measurements of the O 2 /Ar gas ratio and discrete measurements of the triple isotopic composition of O 2 in the Bras d'Or Lake, an estuary in Nova Scotia, Canada, as the bay transitioned from ice-covered to ice-free conditions. The volumetric gross oxygen production was 5.4( +2.8 −1.6 ) mmol O 2 m −3 d −1 , similar at the beginning and end of the time-series, and likely peaked at the end of the ice melt period. Net oxygen production displayed more 5 temporal variability and the system was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following the ice melt.We performed the first field-based dual tracer release experiment in ice-covered water to quantify air-water gas exchange. The gas transfer velocity at >90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Published studies have shown a wide range of results for gas transfer velocity in the presence of ice, and this study indicates that gas transfer through ice is much slower than the rate of gas transfer through open water. The results also indicate that both primary producers and heterotrophs 10 are active in Whycocomagh Bay during spring while it is covered in ice.

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Diatom assemblages promote ice formation in large lakes

Cited by 41 publications

References 62 publications

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers

Abundance of Biological Ice Nucleating Particles in the Mississippi and Its Major Tributaries

Changes in gross oxygen production, net oxygen production, and air-water gas exchange during seasonal ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lake, a Canadian estuary

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