Diarrhea in children: a historical review

Krämer, Benjamin; Kanof, Abram

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(60)80172-2

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Diarrheal disease has been a major cause of illness and premature death throughout history [1]. Despite improvements in water and sanitation, oral rehydration therapy, and the rotavirus vaccine, diarrhea illness still claims 500 000 lives of children a year with only modest declines in morbidity [2, 3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood

Colston

François

Pisanic

et al. 2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) such as fucosyltransferase (FUT)2 and 3 may act as innate host factors that differentially influence susceptibility of individuals and their offspring to pediatric enteric infections. Methods In 3 community-based birth cohorts, FUT2 and FUT3 statuses were ascertained for mother-child dyads. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction panels tested 3663 diarrheal and 18 148 asymptomatic stool samples for 29 enteropathogens. Cumulative diarrhea and infection incidence were compared by child (n = 520) and mothers’ (n = 519) HBGA status and hazard ratios (HRs) derived for all-cause diarrhea and specific enteropathogens. Results Children of secretor (FUT2 positive) mothers had a 38% increased adjusted risk of all-cause diarrhea (HR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–1.66) and significantly reduced time to first diarrheal episode. Child FUT2 and FUT3 positivity reduced the risk for all-cause diarrhea by 29% (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71–0.93) and 27% (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74–0.92), respectively. Strong associations between HBGAs and pathogen-specific infection and diarrhea were observed, particularly for noroviruses, rotaviruses, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , and Campylobacter jejuni / coli . Conclusions Histo-blood group antigens affect incidence of all-cause diarrhea and enteric infections at magnitudes comparable to many common disease control interventions. Studies measuring impacts of interventions on childhood enteric disease should account for both child and mothers’ HBGA status.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood

Colston

François

Pisanic

et al. 2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…The recognition of a seasonal association between abundant flies with peak occurrence of diarrhoea was credited as being cause and effect in the 1700s. Benjamin Rush further emphasized the importance of flies, heat and hygiene as factors in diarrhoea occurrence in his essay on diarrhoea written in 1777 5 …”

Section: Early Concepts Of the Cause Of Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Escherich identified a spiral organism that is likely to have been the first descriptions of Campylobacter 12 . As methods of isolating organisms improved, normal and abnormal flora became recognizable 5 …”

Section: Contagion and Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 1825 and 1834, Dewees, Stevens and Latta provided the earliest suggestions for the use of parenterally or orally administered salt and water in diarrhoeal illness 5, 19, 20 . While dehydration was known to be an important and feared complication of diarrhoea, most practitioners were worried about giving large amounts of fluids to patients because this might contribute to the fluid losses from diarrhoea.…”

Section: Early Diarrhea Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management – from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy

DuPont

2007

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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Summary Background Acute diarrhoea management has progressed from largely ineffective measures in the early years to a more effective physiologic approach in recent years. Aim To review the history of acute diarrhoea management. Methods Citations in PubMed were reviewed on ‘acute diarrhoea treatment’ along with an extensive file maintained by the corresponding author. Results Freedom from diarrhoea was equated in early military conflicts with bravery and strength where diarrhoea‐free soldiers had the ‘guts’ to fight. Until early 20th century, colonic irrigants, purgatives and emetic drugs were used to help eliminate undesired intestinal contents. Only a few early authorities suggested the need for replacement of fluids and salt, now standard treatment. Drugs aimed at diarrhoea symptom control have been broadly used for more than 100 years. The evolving history of one of those drugs, kaopectate is unappreciated. Once understanding the pathophysiology and infectious aetiology of acute diarrhoea, new oral fluids, pharmacologic agents designed to block specific secretory alterations and anti‐infective drugs have been identified. Conclusions Physiologic and antimicrobial approaches to controlling diarrhoea can lead to reduction of stool number and enteric complaints, important in industrialized areas, with the potential for decreasing threat of fatal illness among infants in developing regions.

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“…1 In the past, diarrhoeal diseases were often fatal and disease outbreaks spread quickly, affecting large populations. Today, despite the success of interventions such as oral and intravenous rehydration therapy, secretory diarrhoea remains a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly in children and the elderly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies

Thiagarajah

Donowitz

Verkman

2015

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

178

137

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Diarrhoeal disease remains a major health burden worldwide. Secretory diarrhoeas are caused by certain bacterial and viral infections, inflammatory processes, drugs and genetic disorders. Fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium in secretory diarrhoeas involves multiple ion and solute transporters, as well as activation of cyclic nucleotide and Ca2+ signalling pathways. In many secretory diarrhoeas, activation of Cl− channels in the apical membrane of enterocytes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, increases fluid secretion, while inhibition of Na+ transport reduces fluid absorption. Current treatment of diarrhoea includes replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses using oral rehydration solutions, and drugs targeting intestinal motility or fluid secretion. Therapeutics in the development pipeline target intestinal ion channels and transporters, regulatory proteins and cell surface receptors. This Review describes pathogenic mechanisms of secretory diarrhoea, current and emerging therapeutics, and the challenges in developing antidiarrhoeal therapeutics.

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Diarrhea in children: a historical review

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood

Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood

Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management – from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy

Secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies

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