Diaphragmatic dysfunction at admission in intensive care unit: the value of diaphragmatic ultrasonography

Point of care diaphragm ultrasound in infants with bronchiolitis: A prospective study

“…Diaphragmatic ultrasound has been proven to be a noninvasive, easily performed and learned with a short learning curve, and a reliable tool in assessing diaphragm function . Most of the described studies have been performed in adult patients in intensive care unit (either mechanically ventilated or post operative patients) and very few studies have been performed in children …”

“…Several parameters have been studied to evaluate diaphragm function: 11 studies (51, 53, 57‐79) measured diaphragmatic thickness, seven of them assessing diaphragmatic contractility as thickening fraction. Five studies measured respiratory excursion of the diaphragm in M‐mode, five studies measured diaphragm excursion in B‐mode …”

Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients—a narrative review

“…Respiratory muscle weakness as the major cause for acute respiratory failure is uncommon, but should be considered if more common causes have been excluded [30,31]. The clinical presentation of diaphragm dysfunction depends on the cause, severity and rate of progression (E-Table 1) [32].…”

Ultrasonography evaluation during the weaning process: the heart, the diaphragm, the pleura and the lung

“…Accordingly, most studies, performed in non-cardiac surgery patients, recorded E or TF on only one hemidiaphragm (usually on the right side) taken as a proxy for the whole diaphragmatic performance [29,30,34,35]. Only a few studies considered the worst or the mean value between right and left [36][37][38]. In cardiac surgery patients, Lerolle et al performed bilateral assessment of diaphragmatic excursion and identified the best E (E max ) as the functional parameter of diaphragmatic performance [23].…”