“…Understanding the life history and population dynamics of pests is paramount to achieving their long-term management (Cox, 1994;Nylin, 2001), while seasonal predictability of the appearance and duration of susceptible life stages is essential for effective application of control measures. Further, the requirements for accurate forest health reporting (Stone and Coops, 2004), certification of forests for sustainability (Stone and Coops, 2004;Govender, 2002), and the contentiousness of pesticide use (Jenkin and Tomkins, 2006), mean that effective targeted management strategies are important.…”