Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. ‘Bath's Pink’ has a Near-obligate Vernalization Requirement

Abstract

<jats:p>The flowering response of <jats:italic>Dianthus gratianopolitanus</jats:italic> Vill. ‘Bath's Pink’ was characterized after varying durations at vernalizing temperatures. Genetically identical clonally propagated plants were treated at 5 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks in Expt. I; at 0, 5, or 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks in Expt. II; and at 0, 5, 10, or 15 °C for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks in Expt. III. <jats:italic>Dianthus gratianopolitanus</jats:italic> ‘Bath's Pink’ exhibited a quantitative vernalization response after treatment at 0 to 10 °C and did not vernalize after 8 weeks at 15 °C, which was the longest duration tested. Complete flowering was achieved after 4 or more weeks at 0 °C, 3 or more weeks at 5 °C, and 8 weeks at 10 °C. Based on time to anthesis and node number at anthesis, the flowering response was saturated after vernalization treatment at 0 °C for 4 or more weeks and 5 °C for 3 or more weeks. However, maximum flowers at anthesis were produced after 8 weeks at 0 °C and 6 or more weeks at 5 °C. Flowering was delayed after the 8-week treatment at 10 °C compared with 6 or more weeks at 0 °C and 4 or more weeks at 5 °C. Based on the minimum vernalization duration required to achieve the maximum flowering response, the order of efficacy of vernalizing temperatures was 5 °C &gt; 0 °C ≫ 10 °C.</jats:p>

The effects of temperature, photoperiod, and vernalization on regrowth and flowering competence inEuphorbia esula(Euphorbiaceae) crown buds

“…Decreasing temperature ( more leafy spurge plants flowered without an inductive pretreatment (Table 1; M. Foley, unpublished data). The reason for this ''leakiness'' or sporadic flowering is not known, but it has been observed when some vernalization-requiring herbaceous perennials are held in the greenhouse for prolonged periods of time (Chouard 1960;Padhye and Cameron 2008). Perhaps these plants either do not have an obligate vernal-ization requirement or possess alternative pathways and interacting signalling threshold values that play a role in flowering (Henderson et al 2003).…”

Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze

“…Since most species have not been tested for cold adaptations, absence of data does not necessarily indicate absence of traits. However, since cold climates arose after major radiations in seed plants, presence data (based on Krug, 1991; De la Rosa et al, 2000; Kawamata et al, 2002; Wilson et al, 2002; Karlson et al, 2004; Streck and Schuh, 2005; Lopez and Runkle, 2006; Fausey and Cameron, 2007; Kalberer et al, 2007; Mewes and Pank, 2007; Rohwer and Heins, 2007; Svendsen et al, 2007; Padhye and Cameron, 2008, 2009; Pietsch et al, 2009; Zlesak and Anderson, 2009; Biasi et al, 2010; Byard et al, 2010; Ghelardini et al, 2010; Kaymak and Guvenc, 2010; Kubota et al, 2010; Lenahan et al, 2010; Rantasen and Palonen, 2010; Caffarra et al, 2011; Cave et al, 2011; Charrier et al, 2011; Dogramaci et al, 2011; Lin et al, 2011; Adhikari et al, 2012; Andreini et al, 2012; Bilavcik et al, 2012; Diaz-Riquelme et al, 2012; Nishitani et al, 2012; Sanchez-Perez et al, 2012; Whitman and Runkle, 2012; Alessandro et al, 2013; Guzy-Wrobelska et al, 2013; Jones et al, 2013; Mojtahedi et al, 2013) indicates multiple origins of cold adaptive traits across the phylogeny.…”

Plant Maturity and Vernalization Affect Flowering in <i>Dianthus japonicus</i> Thunb.

“…The period of vernalization has a quantitative effect on the flowering response until it is maximal, and therefore, increasing the period of vernalization progressively increases flowering up to a point (Lang, 1965;Padhye and Cameron, 2009). Insufficient vernalization can result in incomplete or delayed flowering (Padhye and Cameron, 2008). The effective vernalization period for promotion of flowering is speciesspecific.…”

“…Flowering of many winter annuals, biennials, and perennials is promoted after exposure to low temperatures (Padhye and Cameron, 2008). This phenomenon, known as vernalization, has been defined as a chilling treatment that confers the ability to flower or accelerates flowering.…”

“…Winter annuals, for example, respond in a facultative manner: flowering does not require cold exposure, but occurs more rapidly after cold treatment (Ha, 2014). Biennials have an obligate requirement, and cannot flower until cold exposure, and insufficient vernalization can result in incomplete or delayed flowering (Padhye and Cameron, 2008). Vernalization requirements within the genus Dianthus vary with the species (Chouard, 1960).…”