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Noncovalent interactions are the basis for a large number of chemical and biological molecular‐recognition processes, such as those occurring in supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, solid‐state reactions in mechanochemistry, protein folding, protein‐nucleic acid binding, and biomolecular phase separation processes. In this perspective article, some recent developments in probing noncovalent interactions by proton‐detected solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at Magic‐Angle Spinning (MAS) frequencies of 100 kHz and more are reviewed. The development of MAS rotors with decreasing outer diameters, combined with the development of superconducting magnets operating at high static magnetic‐field strengths up to 28.2 T (1200 MHz proton Larmor frequency) improves resolution and sensitivity in proton‐detected solid‐state NMR, which is the fundamental requirement for shedding light on noncovalent interactions in solids. The examples reported in this article range from protein‐nucleic acid binding in large ATP‐fueled motor proteins to a hydrogen‐π interaction in a calixarene‐lanthanide complex.
Noncovalent interactions are the basis for a large number of chemical and biological molecular‐recognition processes, such as those occurring in supramolecular chemistry, catalysis, solid‐state reactions in mechanochemistry, protein folding, protein‐nucleic acid binding, and biomolecular phase separation processes. In this perspective article, some recent developments in probing noncovalent interactions by proton‐detected solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at Magic‐Angle Spinning (MAS) frequencies of 100 kHz and more are reviewed. The development of MAS rotors with decreasing outer diameters, combined with the development of superconducting magnets operating at high static magnetic‐field strengths up to 28.2 T (1200 MHz proton Larmor frequency) improves resolution and sensitivity in proton‐detected solid‐state NMR, which is the fundamental requirement for shedding light on noncovalent interactions in solids. The examples reported in this article range from protein‐nucleic acid binding in large ATP‐fueled motor proteins to a hydrogen‐π interaction in a calixarene‐lanthanide complex.
Nanodiamonds are metastable allotropes of carbon. Based on their high hardness, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and wide bandgap, nanodiamonds are widely used in energy and engineering applications in the form of coatings, such as mechanical processing, nuclear engineering, semiconductors, etc., particularly focusing on the reinforcement in mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, heat transfer, and electrical behavior. In mechanical performance, nanodiamond coatings can elevate hardness and wear resistance, improve the efficiency of mechanical components, and concomitantly reduce friction, diminish maintenance costs, particularly under high‐load conditions. Concerning chemical inertness and corrosion resistance, nanodiamond coatings are gradually becoming the preferred manufacturing material or surface modification material for equipment in harsh environments. As for heat transfer, the extremely high coefficient of thermal conductivity of nanodiamond coatings makes them one of the main surface modification materials for heat exchange equipment. The increase of nucleation sites results in excellent performance of nanodiamond coatings during the boiling heat transfer stage. Additionally, concerning electrical properties, nanodiamond coatings elevate the efficiency of solar cells and fuel cells, and great performance in electrochemical and electrocatalytic is found. This article will briefly describe the application and mechanism analysis of nanodiamonds in the above‐mentioned fields.
Laser processing of diamond has become an important technique for fabricating next generation microelectronic and quantum devices. However, the realization of low taper, high aspect ratio structures in diamond remains a challenge. We demonstrate the effects of pulse energy, pulse number and irradiation profile on the achievable aspect ratio with 532 nm nanosecond laser machining. Strong and gentle ablation regimes were observed using percussion hole drilling of type Ib HPHT diamond. Under percussion hole drilling a maximum aspect ratio of 22:1 was achieved with 10,000 pulses. To reach aspect ratios on average 40:1 and up to 66:1, rotary assisted drilling was employed using > 2 M pulse accumulations. We additionally demonstrate methods of obtaining 0.1° taper angles via ramped pulse energy machining in 10:1 aspect ratio tubes. Finally, effects of laser induced damage are studied using confocal Raman spectroscopy with observation of up to 36% increase in tensile strain following strong laser irradiation. However, we report that upon application of 600 °C heat treatment, induced strain is reduced by up to ~ 50% with considerable homogenization of observed strain.
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