Diamond electrode facilitated electrosynthesis of water and wastewater treatment oxidants

Mora, Adrian Serrano; McBeath, Sean T.; Cid, Clément; Hoffmann, Michael R.; Graham, Nigel

doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100899

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…This reaction can generate heat and can be dangerous if not properly controlled. In addition, once the disinfectants are consumed in this parasitic reaction, there are no oxidants in the system to allow disinfection (elimination of ARB and/or ARG), which reduces the efficiency of the system (Chen et al 2023 ; Kribeche et al 2022 ; Mora et al 2022 ; Salmerón et al 2021 ). However, it is necessary to observe three reasons that may increase the interest in the study and use of the combined H 2 O 2 /Cl 2 system, which may be ignored by some authors: (i) to minimize parasitic reactions between H 2 O 2 and Cl 2 in a combined disinfection system, the doses of each compound must be carefully controlled and the concentration of oxidants and reaction by-products in the treated water must be regularly monitored (Fu et al 2023 ; Kribeche et al 2022 ; Wang et al 2019a , b , c ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(iii) When H 2 O 2 and Cl 2 are in solution, they can react with each other through an oxidation–reduction reaction, where Cl 2 is reduced to chloride (Cl − ) and H 2 O 2 is oxidized to water (H 2 O) through a chemical reaction that produces hydroxyl radicals (HO∙). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and can react with organic contaminants in the water, increasing the efficiency of oxidation (Chen et al 2023 ; Feng et al 2019 ; Kribeche et al 2022 ; Mora et al 2022 ; Salmerón et al 2021 ; Yin et al 2021 ). Similarly, it can happen that the hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) produced by the reaction between H 2 O 2 and Cl 2 may react with the molecular oxygen (O 2 ) present in the water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, it can happen that the hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) produced by the reaction between H 2 O 2 and Cl 2 may react with the molecular oxygen (O 2 ) present in the water. This reaction produces singlet oxygen (O 2 ∙ − ) and can increase the effectiveness of the disinfection and oxidation process (Al-Nu’airat et al 2021 ; Chen et al 2023 ; Kribeche et al 2022 ; Krystynik 2022 ; Lu et al 2022 ; Mora et al 2022 ; Salmerón et al 2021 ). On the other hand, at high Cl 2 concentrations, hydroxyl radicals can react with Cl 2 to produce hypochlorite (OCl − ) and hypochlorous acid (HClO), active chlorine species (ACS) that have a lower reduction potential than Cl 2 , but still contribute to the treatment or disinfection of water (Angyal et al 2023 ; Delgado-Vargas et al 2022 ; Martínez-Pachón et al 2021 ; Szczuka et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic analysis of the scientific-technological production on the use of the UV, H2O2, and/or Cl2 systems in the elimination of bacteria and associated antibiotic resistance genes

Espinosa-Barrera,

Gómez-Gómez,

Vanegas

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study presents a systematic review of the scientific and technological production related to the use of systems based on UV, H2O2, and Cl2 for the elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes associated with antibiotic resistance (ARGs). Using the Pro Know-C (Knowledge Development Process-Constructivist) methodology, a portfolio was created and analyzed that includes 19 articles and 18 patents published between 2011 and 2022. The results show a greater scientific-technological production in UV irradiation systems (8 articles and 5 patents) and the binary combination UV/H2O2 (9 articles and 4 patents). It was emphasized that UV irradiation alone focuses mainly on the removal of ARB, while the addition of H2O2 or Cl2, either individually or in binary combinations with UV, enhances the removal of ARB and ARG. The need for further research on the UV/H2O2/Cl2 system is emphasized, as gaps in the scientific-technological production of this system (0 articles and 2 patents), especially in its electrochemically assisted implementation, have been identified. Despite the gaps identified, there are promising prospects for the use of combined electrochemically assisted UV/H2O2/Cl2 disinfection systems. This is demonstrated by the effective removal of a wide range of contaminants, including ARB, fungi, and viruses, as well as microorganisms resistant to conventional disinfectants, while reducing the formation of toxic by-products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Systematic analysis of the scientific-technological production on the use of the UV, H2O2, and/or Cl2 systems in the elimination of bacteria and associated antibiotic resistance genes

Espinosa-Barrera,

Gómez-Gómez,

Vanegas

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…8 ) or indirect (Eq. 9 ) mechanisms are the main routes to electrogenerate S 2 O 8 2− 28 , 30 , 35 – 42 . But, considering that SO 4 •− can be generated via reaction with heterogenous free • OH (Eq.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized environmental applications of a smartphone-based method for chemical oxygen demand and color analysis

Cardozo

Segundo

Galvão

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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This study is focused on a proposal of a smartphone imaging-based quantification for providing a simple and rapid method for the analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color throughout the use of the HSV and/or RGB model in digital devices. For COD, calibration curves were done based on the theoretical values of potassium biphthalate for a proper comparison between the spectrophotometer and the smartphone techniques. The smartphone camera and application attain an average accuracy higher than the analysis in the spectrophotometer (98.3 and 96.2%, respectively). In the color analysis, it was demonstrated that only the UV–vis bands measurement is not feasible to perform the real abatement of the dye in the water because the limiting concentration that allows obtaining a linear relationship in this equipment related to the dye concentration is about 10 mg L−1. Above this value, the spectrophotometer can not reach the real difference of color in the solution. Meanwhile, the smartphone method by using the camera reaches linearity until 50 mg L−1. From an environmental point of view, smartphones have been used for monitoring several organic and inorganic pollutants, however, no attempts have been published related to their use to evaluate the color and COD during wastewater treatment. Therefore, this investigation also aims to assess the utilization of these methods, for the first time, when high-colored water polluted by methylene blue (MB) was electrochemically treated by using a boron-dopped diamond (BDD) as the anode, with different current densities (j = 30, 45, 60, and 90 mA cm−2). COD and color abatement results clearly showed that different organic matter/color removal efficiencies were achieved, depending on the j used. All the results are aligned with the studies already available in the literature, with the total removal of color in 120 min of electrolysis with 60 and 90 mA cm−2, and almost 80% of COD abatement with the higher j. Moreover, samples of real effluent from beauty salons were compared, with standard deviation varying from only 3 to 40 mg O2 L−1, which is acceptable for COD values close to 2000. Finally, the methods here presented can be a great benefit for public water monitoring policies, since it is cheap and has a decentralized characteristic, given that smartphones are very common and portable devices.

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“…While ferrates are conventionally synthesized using a wet chemical method by oxidation of Fe 3+ in highly alkaline conditions, ,− electrochemical , and thermal chemical methods also exist under challenging and unstable conditions. More recently, evidence of circumneutral ferrate electrosynthesis has been reported through the use of BDD electrodes and Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ precursors for water treatment applications. − In these studies, however, no iron speciation was performed and ferrate was assumed to be in its most stable Fe(VI) form. Although BDD has been the preferred material for the circumneutral generation of ferrate to date, due to its aforementioned electrocatalytic properties, it also has several limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Synthesis Pathways for Highly Oxidative Iron Species: Generation, Stability, and Treatment Applications of Ferrate(IV/V/VI)

McBeath

Zhang

Hoffmann

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

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Difficulties arise related to the economy-of-scale and practicability in applying conventional water treatment technologies to small and remote systems. A promising oxidation technology better suited for these applications is that of electro-oxidation (EO), whereby contaminants are degraded via direct, advanced, and/or electrosynthesized oxidant-mediated reactions. One species of oxidants of particular interest includes ferrates (Fe(VI)/(V)/ (IV)), where only recently has their circumneutral synthesis been demonstrated, using high oxygen overpotential (HOP) electrodes, namely boron-doped diamond (BDD). In this study, the generation of ferrates using various HOP electrodes (BDD, NAT/Ni−Sb− SnO 2 , and AT/Sb-SnO 2 ) was investigated. Ferrate synthesis was pursued in a current density range of 5−15 mA cm −2 and initial Fe 3+ concentrations of 10−15 mM. Faradaic efficiencies ranged from 11−23%, depending on operating conditions, with BDD and NAT significantly outperforming AT electrodes. Speciation tests revealed that NAT synthesizes both ferrate(IV/V) and ferrate(VI), while the BDD and AT electrodes synthesized only ferrate(IV/V) species. A number of organic scavenger probes were used to test the relative reactivity, including nitrobenzene, carbamazepine, and fluconazole, whereby ferrate(IV/V) was significantly more oxidative than ferrate(VI). Finally, the ferrate(VI) synthesis mechanism by NAT electrolysis was elucidated, where coproduction of ozone was found to be a key phenomenon for Fe 3+ oxidation to ferrate(VI).

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Diamond electrode facilitated electrosynthesis of water and wastewater treatment oxidants

Cited by 12 publications

References 77 publications

Systematic analysis of the scientific-technological production on the use of the UV, H2O2, and/or Cl2 systems in the elimination of bacteria and associated antibiotic resistance genes

Systematic analysis of the scientific-technological production on the use of the UV, H2O2, and/or Cl2 systems in the elimination of bacteria and associated antibiotic resistance genes

Decentralized environmental applications of a smartphone-based method for chemical oxygen demand and color analysis

Novel Synthesis Pathways for Highly Oxidative Iron Species: Generation, Stability, and Treatment Applications of Ferrate(IV/V/VI)

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