Diamond and non-diamond carbon synthesis in an oxygen-acetylene flame

Hanssen, Leonard M.; Snail, Keith A.; Carrington, Walter A.; Butler, James E.; Kellogg, S.; Oakes, David B.

doi:10.1016/0040-6090(91)90371-4

Cited by 60 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While the data shown below accurately characterize the flame composition, it should be kept in mind that optimum diamond growth conditions occur for 0%ϽS ac Ͻ5%, 850°CϽT sub Ͻ950°C, and for positions well inside the acetylene feather. Our observations of the film morphology and quality as a function of experimental parameters agree well with those of Hanssen et al 6 The effective gas temperature in the flame along the line of sight of the optical system is determined from the CH B 2 ⌺ ϩ ←X 2 ⌸(0-0) band near 389 nm. The equivalent widths of ten well-separated absorption features between 392.1 and 399.5 nm are measured for each spectrum.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Radical density measurements in an oxyacetylene torch diamond growth flame

Welter

Menningen

1997

Journal of Applied Physics

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Articles you may be interested inMeasurement and modeling of a diamond deposition reactor: Hydrogen atom and electron number densities in an Ar ∕ H 2 arc jet discharge Validation of actinometry for estimating relative hydrogen atom densities and electron energy evolution in plasma assisted diamond deposition reactorsThe column densities of several molecular radicals are measured in an oxyacetylene torch flame during the growth of diamond films. The column densities of CH, C 2 , CN, and OH radicals are determined by highly sensitive absorption spectroscopy. The radical densities are measured as a function of position in the flame for different fuel/oxidant ratios. The growth of diamond is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Of the four radicals measured, the C 2 and CH densities are the most correlated with diamond growth. The measured densities are compared with numerical flame models.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…2,4,6 However, it is observed that diamond growth occurs in a 0.5-cm-diam patch on the substrate, and that the feather spreads out upon contact with the substrate. Therefore, an estimate of 0.3 cm is reasonable for the effective absorption path length in the flame away from the substrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical density measurements in an oxyacetylene torch diamond growth flame

Welter

Menningen

1997

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Diamond films were grown by CACVD, following the method of Hirose [14] as modified by Snail [18], using flames of various C 2 H 2 /O 2 ratios. Oxygen and acetylene at a controlled volume ratio were fed into the torch through electronic mass flow controllers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Deposition of Diamond Films by Combustion Assisted CVD on Ti and Ti-6Al-4V

Baek¹,

Mihec²,

Metson³

2002

Chem. Vap. Deposition

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Combustion assisted (CA) CVD is one of a range of CVD methods that have been used successfully to grow diamond films on a range of substrates. Of critical interest is the role of interfacial carbides in the nucleation and adhesion of diamond at the substrate/film interface. Deposition experiments with substrates including titanium and its alloys, suggest the nature of the substrate is important in aiding carbide and subsequently diamond formation. The formation of a stable carbide clearly assists in the nucleation phase and in enhancing bonding at the interface, but it is far from clear that it is an essential precursor to the formation of diamond. Rather it appears to stabilize the substrate surface while diamond growth is established. On the other hand, refractory oxide films accelerate deposition by aiding in the stabilization of the substrate surface under the combustion flame, but are ultimately deleterious to film bonding because of the weakened bonding and increased lattice mismatch with the overlying diamond.

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“…This idea was first utilized by Hirose in 1988, who employed an oxyacetylene combustion flame to deposit diamond on a cooled substrate under atmospheric conditions [1]. This method was soon picked up by several other groups, and the technique is now well developed to deposit polycrystalline diamond on nondiamond substrates and single crystalline diamond layers on a diamond seed crystal [2][3][4][5][6], which is either of natural origin or grown by another CVD technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distributions of H, CN, and C2 in a diamond-growing oxyacetylene flame

Klein-Douwel

Meulen

1998

Symposium (International) on Combustion

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Two-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence (2D-LIF) measurements are applied to the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond by an oxyacetylene flame to visualize the distributions of atomic hydrogen, C 2 , and CN in the gas phase during diamond growth. Experiments are carried out in laminar flames and reveal that atomic hydrogen is ubiquitous at and beyond the flame front. Its presence extends to well outside the diamond deposition region, whereas the C 2 distribution is limited to the flame front and the acetylene feather. CN is found to be present mostly at the outer edge of the flame, where ambient air interacts with flame gases. The diamond layers obtained are characterized by optical as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cathodoluminescence topography (CL). Clear relations are observed between the local variations in growth rate of the diamond layer and the distribution of H, C 2 , and CN in the boundary layer just above the substrate. Further relations between CN and the morphology and the nitrogen incorporation as identified by CL of the deposited diamond layer are found as well. These relations agree with theoretical models describing the importance of the mentioned species in (flame) deposition processes of diamond. Three separate regions can be discerned in the flame and the diamond layer, where the gas phase and diamond growth are predominantly governed by the flame source gases, the ambient atmosphere, and the interaction of both, respectively.

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Diamond and non-diamond carbon synthesis in an oxygen-acetylene flame

Cited by 60 publications

References 11 publications

Radical density measurements in an oxyacetylene torch diamond growth flame

Radical density measurements in an oxyacetylene torch diamond growth flame

The Deposition of Diamond Films by Combustion Assisted CVD on Ti and Ti-6Al-4V

Spatial distributions of H, CN, and C2 in a diamond-growing oxyacetylene flame

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