“…In assessing clinical process, we need to keep in mind that behaviors can be directly observed, but that theories are constructed to explain the observed facts and that more than one theoretical option is always available (Meissner 1989(Meissner , 1991. Nevertheless, as Smith (2005) has astutely commented, it may be that such a distinction is less necessary when we are looking for motives to explain behaviors-although drives and wishes are on different levels of abstraction, motives when conscious can be revealed directly in the form of reasons or inferred directly from the patient's behavior, and, when unconscious, can be elicited indirectly and clarified by free association or inquiry. In this sense, analytic associations are actions of the conscious self-as-subject, presumed to be motivated in some degree by unconscious motives operative within the self-as-agent.…”