Diagnostics Using Multiplexed Electrochemical Readout Devices

Abstract

Molecular diagnostics of human diseases requires the development of analytical tools with the capacity of simultaneously detecting several biomarkers of interest, mainly proteins and nucleic acids. Until now, most multiplexed analyses have been performed in a microarray format and using optical detection, these showing some limitations in terms of cost, portability and integration into point‐of‐care medical devices. In this context, electrochemical detection can offer an alternative to optical systems due to their high sensitivity, low‐cost, easy miniaturization and integration in compact analytical devices. This article reviews most relevant electroanalytical systems developed so far for multiplexed analysis of DNA and proteins.

Multiplexed Point-of-Care Testing – xPOCT

“…Different biomolecules are directly immobilized on the electrodes and detected electrochemically via enzymatic reactions by potentiometry or amperometry. Hence, the choice of electrode material is crucial for the assay performance and needs to be considered for the system design [42] . To date, various metals (e.g., gold, platinum), semiconductors (e.g., indium tin oxide, iridium oxide), or carbon-based materials (e.g., carbon paste, glassy carbon, graphite) have been utilized as electrode materials for xPOCT [43] .…”

Nanomaterials for molecular signal amplification in electrochemical nucleic acid biosensing: recent advances and future prospects for point-of-care diagnostics

“…Next, it should be remembered that multiplexed detection of several analytes by a single biosensor remains a difficult task. 166 Current electrochemical strategies can detect up to three or four analytes on a single sensor; a number limited by the potential window and the intrinsic bandwidth of the redox reporter peaks. 26 Parallelization of biosensors detection offers a robust approach to increasing the multiplexing capabilities of a device using standard microfabrication technologies.…”

Microfluidic-controlled optical router for lab on a chip

“…In lab on a chip (LoC), multiplexed analysis provides a way to determine multiple analytes from a single sample of small volume. 1,2 This is of particular importance in the case of clinical diagnostics, where an accurate diagnosis requires evidence from more than a single biomarker. 3 Apart from multi-analyte analysis, multiplexed systems are also used to endow LoCs with reliability through statistical analysis, 4 when requiring multiple control points 5,6 or when the reliability of the assay is subjected to sequential analysis, 7,8 among others.…”