Diagnostic Value of Scintillation Scanning of the Liver

McAfee, John G.; Ause, Robert G.; Wagner, Henry N.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1965.03870010097012

Cited by 150 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…11,[14][15][16] However, liver height does not fully characterize the morphology of the liver due to the wide variety of liver shapes, 17 soft tissue deformations, and occasional enlarged left lobe. Spleen measurements suffer from similar shortcomings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated segmentation and quantification of liver and spleen from CT images using normalized probabilistic atlases and enhancement estimation

et al. 2010

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Purpose:To investigate the potential of the normalized probabilistic atlases and computer-aided medical image analysis to automatically segment and quantify livers and spleens for extracting imaging biomarkers ͑volume and height͒. Methods: A clinical tool was developed to segment livers and spleen from 257 abdominal contrastenhanced CT studies. There were 51 normal livers, 44 normal spleens, 128 splenomegaly, 59 hepatomegaly, and 23 partial hepatectomy cases. 20 more contrast-enhanced CT scans from a public site with manual segmentations of mainly pathological livers were used to test the method. Data were acquired on a variety of scanners from different manufacturers and at varying resolution. Probabilistic atlases of livers and spleens were created using manually segmented data from ten noncontrast CT scans ͑five male and five female͒. The organ locations were modeled in the physical space and normalized to the position of an anatomical landmark, the xiphoid. The construction and exploitation of liver and spleen atlases enabled the automated quantifications of liver/spleen volumes and heights ͑midhepatic liver height and cephalocaudal spleen height͒ from abdominal CT data. The quantification was improved incrementally by a geodesic active contour, patient specific contrast-enhancement characteristics passed to an adaptive convolution, and correction for shape and location errors. Results: The livers and spleens were robustly segmented from normal and pathological cases. For the liver, the Dice/Tanimoto volume overlaps were 96.2%/92.7%, the volume/height errors were 2.2%/2.8%, the root-mean-squared error ͑RMSE͒ was 2.3 mm, and the average surface distance ͑ASD͒ was 1.2 mm. The spleen quantification led to 95.2%/91% Dice/Tanimoto overlaps, 3.3%/ 1.7% volume/height errors, 1.1 mm RMSE, and 0.7 ASD. The correlations ͑R 2 ͒ with clinical/ manual height measurements were 0.97 and 0.93 for the spleen and liver, respectively ͑p Ͻ 0.0001͒. No significant difference ͑p Ͼ 0.2͒ was found comparing interobserver and automaticmanual volume/height errors for liver and spleen. Conclusions: The algorithm is robust to segmenting normal and enlarged spleens and livers, and in the presence of tumors and large morphological changes due to partial hepatectomy. Imaging biomarkers of the liver and spleen from automated computer-assisted tools have the potential to assist the diagnosis of abdominal disorders from routine analysis of clinical data and guide clinical management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated segmentation and quantification of liver and spleen from CT images using normalized probabilistic atlases and enhancement estimation

et al. 2010

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“…The scan, when compared with autopsy findings ( 2 ) , proves to be a good determinant of liver size. Many methods for measuring liver size using isotopic scanning have been promulgated, i.e., using multiple levels of background erase (3), planimetry (2) and area (4), and volume (5) calculations. Rosenfield and Schneider's (6) method using the total vertical measurement in the anterior position from the upper to lower border found agreement between clinical measurement and gammascanning in only 59% of patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The disparity of the size of the liver as determined by physical examination and by hepatic gammascanning in 504 patients

Ariel

Briceno

1976

Med. Pediatr. Oncol.

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The liver extended a minimum of 5 cm inferior to the right costal margin in 51% of the 504 patients studied. In 53% of these patients, experienced, mature physicians declared that the liver was not palpable on physical examination. In 3% of the cases, a mass was palpated which was believed to be liver by the examining physician but was found to be extrahepatic upon scanning and laparotomy. The unreliability of physical examination in determining whether or not the liver extends inferior to the costal margin in many instances is demonstrated.

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“…The standard liver scan (or scintigram as obtained with a gamma camera) is a two-dimensional representation of the distribution of a colloidal material (sulphur colloid, usually tagged with technetium-99m) (Figure 1) (Harper et al 1965, McAfee et al 1965. The (Figure 2).…”

Section: Isotope Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%