Diagnostic prototypes and diagnostic processes of clinical psychologists.

Rubin, Morton A.; Shontz, Franklin C.

doi:10.1037/h0049109

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It could also be employed to investigate psychological diagnoses (Rubin & Shontz, 1960;Sines, 1959); such research would complement that of Langer and Abelson (1974) who presented fixed sets of evidence about either a job applicant or a patient. Finally, the paradigm could profitably inspire research to test Kruglanski's (Kruglanski & Ajzen, 1983;Kruglanski & Mayseless, 1988) theory of lay epistemology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status

Yzerbyt

Leyens

1991

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study examines the impact of the valence and the confirmatory status of trait information on impression formation by giving subjects an opportunity to play an active role in their reception of information. In two experiments subjects indicated who, out of a series of candidates, corresponded to an a priori personality profile. These profiles were either positive or negative in tone. Also. whereas some profiles comprised univalent evidence (all personality traits were either positive or negative), others included mixed evidence (most traits were either positive or negative together with a few that were opposite). On the basis of earlier research on dispositional inference using behavioral instances as the cues for judgment, we expected the positive traits to carry less weight than the negative ones. Thus, subjects were predicted to require a greater number of positive traits than negative ones before making a decision. Subjects were also expected to request more traits when these confirmed rather than disconfirmed their expectations. The obtained pattern of data strongly supports our hypotheses. As a whole. the data indicate the existence of a "necessity-oriented" decision rule, as well as the presence of strong constraints in people's implicit theories of personality. Implications are drawn for further research on stereotypes and on lay epistemology.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status

Yzerbyt

Leyens

1991

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although most investigators provide the judge with certain specific data and ask him to base his prediction solely on that information, clinicians do, after all, acquire some biases and vagaries along the way. Rubin and Shontz (1960) for instance, present data showing that their judges were able to "describe" (using a Q sort technique) a paranoid schizophrenic patient on the basis of statistical data alone: date of birth, date of admission, education, occupation, etc. When given additional information in the form of a tape recording of an interview and test protocols, their descriptions changed very little.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a somewhat questionable procedure in view of the evidence that the more information available to the judge, the less accurate his judgment (Gage, 19S3;Giedt, 19SS;Kostlan, 1954). Rubin and Shontz (1960) suggest that the more obvious the pathology, the more likely psychologists are to agree on the diagnosis. While most studies probably include some severe and perhaps "obviously" pathological cases in the sample to be judged, they must also include many borderline cases as well.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of clinical judgment: A study in method.

Jc¹,

Rb²

1962

The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Whenever interviewed on television or in journals, some of these individuals have strong opinions about everything and consider themselves more knowledgeable than real experts. The “reliability of the power holder” may also explain why many clinical psychologists do not hesitate to deliver a diagnostic on such scant information as age, sex, race, religion, profession, and so forth (e.g., Rubin & Shontz, 1960; Sines, 1959; for a review, see Leyens, 1983). After all, clinical psychologists are experts when it comes to mental disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judgeability in person perception: The confidence of leaders.

Caetano¹,

Vala²,

Leyens³

2001

Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Leaders are often expected to evaluate their team workers. In the present study, the authors investigated the hypothesis that leaders express social judgments with more confidence than subordinates. Leadership is assumed to play the role of a metainformational cue leading people to feel entitled to judge. In Study 1, supervisors in a Portuguese firm expressed their evaluations of colleagues and superiors. In Study 2, leadership was attributed on the basis of alleged competence. In Study 3, leadership was explicitly attributed on a random basis. The results of the 3 studies support the hypothesis and are discussed within the framework of social judgeability theory (J. P. Leyens, V. Y. Yzerbyt, & G. Schadron, 1992. The confidence of leaders may become a norm that is constructed by others. Practical implications are discussed. To the same extent that leadership often resides in the eyes of followers, confidence may originate in the mind of leaders.People possess specific theories about how leaders should behave and which personality traits they should have. Status and power are intimately linked to leadership (Eden & Leviatan, 1975). Indeed, leadership usually affords prestige (i.e., high status), and it typically allows control over subordinates (i.e., power). Numerous studies have investigated how status differences affect expectations about individual performances and, hence, inequalities of power within groups (Berger, Fisek, Norman, & Zelditch, 1977). More rarely have psychologists looked at the behavior of high-status, powerful persons outside the framework of specific task performances (for exceptions, see Goodwin, Operario, & Fiske, 1998). For instance, social psychologists have focused considerable atten-

show abstract

Diagnostic prototypes and diagnostic processes of clinical psychologists.

Abstract: for advice and guidance in completing the dissertation upon which this research is based. Thanks are also due to Cleveland State Hospital for the use of its facilities.

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status

Requesting information to form an impression: The influence of valence and confirmatory status

An investigation of clinical judgment: A study in method.

Judgeability in person perception: The confidence of leaders.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About