Diagnostic Procedures and Management of Dry Eye

Abstract

Dry eye disease or dysfunctional tear syndrome is among the most frequent diagnoses in ophthalmology. It is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film which results in ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear instability with potential damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. Risk factors for dry eye syndrome include age, sex (female gender), race, contact lens wear, environment with low humidity, systemic medications, and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this paper is to present the systematic classification, epidemiology, diagnostic procedures, and advances in the management of dry eye disease. The recent improvements in comprehending the underlying etiologic factors will inevitably improve future classifications and diagnostic abilities leading to more effective therapeutic options. Treatment of this highly prevalent condition can drastically improve the quality of life of individuals and prevent damage to the ocular surface.

Methods for detection of dry eye in critically ill patients: An Integrative Review

“…However, when the mucosal layer is absent, the dye penetrates and stains the epithelium. Evaluation after 2 minutes is recommended for premature examination of the surface may underestimate the degree of damage [37]. In a study evidence level IV, the test was graded as 0 (no staining), 1 (slight coloration limited to less than one-third of the cornea), 2 (moderate staining of less than 1/2 of the cornea) or 3 (severe staining half or more of the cornea) [24].…”

Dry Eye Syndrome in Intensive Care Units: a concept analysis

“…This dye checks the integrity of the epithelium of the cornea and conjunctiva, in which an intact epithelium presents no spots, due to the presence of the mucin layer of the tear film. The assessment must be systematically performed using the cobalt illumination after two minutes using the dye, and the identification of spots highlights the absence of the protective layer and consequent presence of the Dry Eye disease (13) .…”

“…However, as evidenced, the isolated use of one of these tests cannot infer the diagnosis of DES. The combination with the following attribute is needed (13) .…”

“…: age over 40 years old, female over 50 years old, young men, anxiety, hypovitaminosis, hormonal imbalance, autoimmune diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Myasthenia Gravis, Sjögren's Syndrome), systemic diseases (Stroke, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Systemic Arterial Hypertention); and infections such as HIV and Hepatitis (5,13) .…”

The pathogenesis of dry eye disease and trends in treatment

“…두 번째는 지질층 의 장애로 눈물의 증발이 증가되어 발생하는 경우로서 마이 봄샘 기능부전과 관련이 있다 [8]. 안구건조증의 위험인자로 는 다양한 것이 알려져 있는데 고령, 여성, 눈 수술의 과거 력, 갑상선질환, 높은 학력 등이 그것이며, 비타민 A나 오메 가 3 지방산 부족 등의 영양소 결핍과의 연관성도 연구되어 있다 [10]. 2011년도에 우리나라에서 시행된 국민건강영양조 사에 따르면 전체 이환율이 약 16%로 조사되어 있다 [11].…”