Diagnostic possibilities from a serum sample—Clinical value of new methods within small animal reproduction, with focus on anti‐Müllerian hormone

Abstract

ContentsDuring the last decade, analysis of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), highly conserved between mammalian species, has contributed to new information in reproductive endocrinology, due to clinically available diagnostic assays. AMH is produced solely in the gonads, in the Sertoli cells of testes and granulosa cells of the ovary, and thus offers possibilities to diagnose physiologic and pathologic conditions involving these organs. This article reviews indications for AMH analysis in cats and dogs, including diagnosing the presence of gonads, and granulosa or Sertoli cell tumours. Diagnostic challenges are addressed. One specific organ, the prostate, is commonly affected by pathologic changes in older dogs. A commercial assay for analysing canine prostatic specific esterase (CPSE) enables analysis of CPSE in clinical practice, of potential value in the workup of benign prostatic hyperplasia in male dogs. This is described in this review, as is a new method for analysis of steroids: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS. Steroids have since long been analysed in studies on reproduction, and LC-MS/MS has the advantage of allowing analysis of panels of multiple steroids from small sample volumes. Altogether, these available methods may give new insights into small animal reproduction and are valuable tools for the practicing veterinarian.

Prevalence of interfering antibodies in dogs and cats evaluated using a species‐independent assay

“…Although most research on immunoassay interference involves human medicine studies, a few recent studies have shown that interfering antibodies in canine serum affected BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), and possibly AMH (anti-M€ ullerian hormone) assay results. 8,9 Despite the potentially harmful impact on patient care, knowledge about antibody interference within veterinary medicine remains very limited. If the situation is comparable to that in human medicine, antibody interference might be a problem in veterinary medicine as well.…”

Investigation of interference from canine anti‐mouse antibodies in hormone immunoassays

“…Interference in this assay could lead to unnecessary surgery if patients are incorrectly determined to be unneutered. There have been reports of potentially erroneous AMH results in this assay since it was first evaluated in canine samples, and antibody interference has previously been described in people …”

<b>Caracterização seminal e das alterações hemodinâmicas da próstata e testículos de cães com hiperplasia prostática benigna</b>

“…A hiperplasia e hipertrofia das células prostáticas são mediadas pelo aumento da síntese hormonal de di-hidrotestosterona que, por sua vez, modula a expressão do agente mitogênico VEGF (fator de crescimento vascular e endotelial) (CARSON;RITTMASTER, 2003;STACHON et al, 2009), e, consequentemente, promove a angiogênese local (STACHON et al, 2009 (JUNIEWICZ et al, 1993;LAROQUE et al, 1994 POULSEN NAUTRUP, 2001;POLISCA et al, 2013;ZELLI et al, 2013). (FRENETTE et al, 1985;KRAKOWSKI et al, 2015;HOLST et al, 2017 Neste experimento, embora as concentrações séricas de estrógeno e testosterona encontravam-se dentro do limite de normalidade para cães (BRENDLER et al, 1983), os níveis hormonais dos cães hígidos foi superior aos doentes. A reduzida concentração de testosterona e, consequentemente, a redução na conversão estrogênica (ABNEY, 1999), são consideradas patogênicas para o desenvolvimento da HPB, uma vez que estimula a formação de novos receptores androgênicos na próstata (KRAWIEC, 1994;LEE, 1996).…”

“…O papel desempenhado pelo plasma seminal é fornecer o suporte e transporte para os espermatozoides durante a ejaculação (SMITH, 2008). A composição do fluido prostático em cães é basicamente de citrato, lactato, colesterol, sais, glicoproteínas, tais como a CPSE (proteína específica prostática canina) e antioxidantes enzimáticos, como a superóxido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase (FRENETTE et al, 1985;ANGRIMANI et al, 2014;KRAKOWSKI et al, 2015;HOLST et al, 2017) Ademais, a próstata desempenha função primordial na dinâmica da testosterona (IEHLÉ et al, 1995), pois é responsável pela metabolização da testosterona livre em di-hidrotestosterona (DHT), pela ação da enzima 5α-redutase (SHIDAIFAT; LIN, 2012). Dentre as funções da DHT, está a formação dos órgãos genitais externos masculinos durante a fase do desenvolvimento embrionário (AMORY et al, 2008).…”

“…Histologicamente, a HPc é caracterizada pela presença de epitélio cúbico, com formação de cavidades e aumento na relação estroma:epitélio, além de áreas de atrofia e hiperplasia glandular (DEKLERK et al, 1979;SHIMOMURA et al, 2009) 2. GLINA et al, 2004;CHIBA et al, 2011;TU;ZINI, 2011 (BELL et al, 1995;HOLST, 2017;PINHEIRO et al, 2017).…”