Diagnostic Modalities in Colorectal Cancer –Endoscopy, Ct and Pet Scanning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri), Endoluminal Ultrasound and Intraoperative Ultrasound

Abstract

malignant pathology and by obtaining more tissue sampling and/or a second opinion from a consulting pathologist in none diagnostic, highly suspected colon lesion. Besides the role as a diagnostic tool in CRC, colonoscopy identifies subsequent lesions at the time of surgery, which is called preoperative endoscopic marking. It is performed through metallic clip placement and endoscopic tattooing. The colonoscopic equipment consists of camera and four-way tip controls [43]. The camera can produce images of high-definition quality. The four way tip controls include (1) examination of a found patch to confirm an abnormal growth; (2) insufflating air to dilate the lumen for mucosal inspection and relieving air after examination, (3) irrigating a suspected region; (4) suctioning to avoid missing lesions under fluid, and (5) inserting biopsy devices. The patient must undergo bowel preparation-taking clear liquid diet and ingesting laxative solutions for colon cleansing the day before examination. Sedation is needed to relieve the discomfort during the procedure, but it increases the costs. The complication of sedation are different cardiac disturbances such as hypotension, arrhythmias,oxygen desaturation, and others. The preparation with purgatives may cause abdominal discomfort, nausea, and other symptoms. The colonoscopy continues from 30 minutes to an hour. The risk during colonoscopy consists in colonic perforation in 0,1 % of cases. Colonoscopy fails to visualize the entire colon in 10-15% and it may miss up to 10-20% of polyps fewer than 10 mm. Colonoscopy is golden standard for diagnosing of CRC but there are more symptoms which could be evaluated and appreciated by endoscopic examination, for example-abdominal pain, unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, diarrhea of unexplained origin, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, etc. It is also the most common interventional modality for polypectomy, hemostasis, balloon dilation, foreign body removal, palliative treatment of neoplasms, etc. Colonoscopy could be the best screening option for all none specific underdiagnosed gastrointestinal symptoms. Colonoscopy removes all detected polyps, regardless of histology type-adenomatous or hyperplastic. Not all of them must undergo resection. The polyps vary in size and polyps under 5 mm are not detected endoscopic. For detection of polyps smaller than 5 mm the virtual colonospcopy is the alternative to the conventional colonoscopy.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Miniaturized 15-MHz Side-Looking Phased-Array Transducer Catheter

“…Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) produce good quality images with good contrast resolution and a relatively large field of view; however, a major drawback is that they are not performed intraoperatively since the imaging equipment is bulky and incompatible with the operating theater [2]. As a result, miniaturized interventional devices with imaging capabilities have been developed to fulfill the intraoperative visualization needs of areas undergoing MAS procedures.…”

STFT, LASSO and EHO based Feature Extraction with Integrated Machine Learning and Metaheuristic Classification Techniques for Colon Cancer detection from Microarray Gene Expressions

“…It offers a broader view of the colon compared to FOBT, but may not detect small polyps as indicated in Ott et al[6]. Ultrasonic scanning method is suggested in Ignatov et al [7] that employs high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the colon, aiding in the detection of abnormalities such as tumours or masses suspected of colon cancer. It is a noninvasive method that does not require radiation exposure making it suitable for evaluating the colon area without any risk including sedation.…”