Diagnostic Methods for Deep Vein Thrombosis

Wheeler, H. Brownell; Anderson, Frederick A.

doi:10.1159/000217140

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…For medical and physiological monitoring, DITI has been used as a non-invasive diagnostic technique to detect infrared emissions and create thermal maps displaying temperature distributions. These thermal maps are used when diagnosing breast cancer (Head and Elliott 2002) and can also be instrumental in diagnosing vascular occlusions and deep venous thrombosis (Wheeler and Anderson 1995). While the temperature of the skin is generally about 58C cooler than the body core, since heat is often dissipated through the skin by evaporation and other methods to balance internal and external temperature (Adams et al 1980), it is possible to detect infrared emissions from the skin and create a thermal map of temperature distributions by remote sensing (Purohit et al 1985).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating velvet antler growth in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using hand-held and digital infrared thermography

Bowers¹,

Gandy²,

Dickerson³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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S. 2010. Evaluating velvet antler growth in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using hand-held and digital infrared thermography. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 13Á21. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether velvet antler (VA) surface temperature gradients, as measured by either a single-spot infrared temperature (SST) sensor (SSTS; exp. 1) or digital infrared temperature (DIT) imaging (DITI; exp. 2), would pattern VA growth. In exp. 1, growth rates and SST were obtained from yearling (n 08) and mature (n 017) red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) every 14 d following eruption through day 56 in yearlings and day 112 in mature stags. In exp. 2, growth rates and DIT (main beam VA base, mid and tip temperatures) were obtained from red deer stags (n031) every 14 d following eruption through day 126. Background temperatures were recorded in conjunction with thermal antler measurements. In exp. 1, yearling VA base and tip SST were positively correlated with one another (PB0.01); however, both measurements were also positively correlated with background SST (PB0.05). In mature stags, VA base SST paralleled (PB0.05) background SST measures, while tip SST did not change from day 56 through day 112. In exp. 2, VA DIT changed (PB0.01) over time and differed (PB0.01) between base, mid and tip. During the early growth period, VA temperatures increased (PB0.05) from 38.990.28C at the base to 39.390.28C at the tip of the antler. In contrast, during the late growth period, DIT was higher (PB0.01) at the base (36.890.38C) than at the tip (35.790.38C) of the antler. In conclusion, SSTS did not have the sensitivity to signify changes in antler growth rates. However, in exp. 2 using DITI, VA thermogenesis paralleled VA growth suggesting that DITI may have value in monitoring VA growth.Key words: Velvet antler, red deer, thermography Bowers, S., Gandy, S., Dickerson, T., Brown, C., Strauch, T., Neuendorff, D., Randel, R. et Willard, S. 2010. É valuation de la croissance du bois de velours chez le wapiti maˆle (Cervus elaphus) au moyen d'un thermographe infrarouge manuel et nume´rique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 13Á21. L'e´tude devait e´tablir si le gradient de tempe´rature a`la surface du bois de velours (BV), e´tabli au moyen d'un capteur infrarouge mesurant ponctuellement la tempe´rature (CI, premie`re expe´rience) ou d'un dispositif d'imagerie nume´rique (DIN, deuxie`me expe´rience), permettrait d'analyser la croissance du BV. Lors de la premie`re expe´rience, les auteurs ont releve´le taux de croissance et la tempe´rature chez des wapitis (Cervus elaphus) d'un an (n 08) et adultes (n 017) tous les 14 jours, de l'e´ruption au 56 e jour pour les sujets d'un an et jusqu'au 112 e jour pour les adultes. Dans la deuxie`me expe´rience, ils ont de´termine´le taux de croissance et la tempe´rature (a`la base, au milieu et al 'extre´mite´du bois) sur des wapitis adultes (n 031) tous les 14 jours de l'e´ruption a`la 126 e journe´e. La tempe´rature de fond a e´te´enregistre´e avec celle du bois. Lors de la premie`re expe´rience, la tempe´rature du...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating velvet antler growth in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using hand-held and digital infrared thermography

Bowers¹,

Gandy²,

Dickerson³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…In a recent study, color Doppler ultrasound showed poor sensitivity (38%) and a poor positive predictive value (26%) for the detection of proximal DVT in high-risk patients without clinical symptoms (22). Besides the higher costs of ultrasound as well as the requirement for a skilled operator, the procedural time may be long and therefore plethysmographic tests may be more suitable for routine use (23). Since we observed a high rate of abnormal pulmonary perfusion scans without the presence of any clinical symptoms for PE these patients belong to a low-probability group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Unfractionated Versus Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis During Breast and Pelvic Cancer Surgery: Efficacy, Safety, and Follow-up

Heilmann¹,

Tempelhoff²,

Kirkpatrick

et al. 1998

Clin Appl Thromb Hemost

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In a prospective, double-blind randomized trial the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin were compared for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing major surgery for breast and pelvic cancer. Three hundred fifty-eight patients were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Thirty-four of these were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 324 patients, 164 received 5000 IU unfractionated heparin three times daily and 160 received 3000 anti-Xa units of low molecular weight heparin once daily. Treatment was started 2 to 5 hours preoperatively and continued for 7 days. The occurrence of deep vein thrombosis was determined by impedence plethysmography and/or venography. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in 10 (6.3%) of 160 patients taking low molecular weight heparin and 10 (6.1 %) of 164 patients treated with unfractionated heparin (relative risk: 1.03; 95% confidence interval 0.44-2.39; p = 1.0). Major bleeding events occurred in 27 (16.8%) patients in the low molecular weight heparin group and 47 (28.7%) in the unfractionated heparin group (relative risk: 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.89; p = .01). Severe intraoperative bleeding was observed in three patients in the unfractionated heparin group and in none of the patients in the low molecular weight heparin group. Excessive intraoperative bleeding was less frequent in the low molecular weight heparin group (9.4% vs. 14%, p = .23) as was wound hematoma (11.3 vs. 17.7%, p = .12). Bleeding episodes with low molecular weight heparin were less likely to lead to further surgery for evacuation of hematoma (0.6% vs. 2.5%, p = .37).Perioperative death rate was 3.1 % in the low molecular weight heparin group and 1.8% in unfractionated heparin group (relative risk: 1.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-7.07; p = .49).Follow-up data were available for 316 patients for an average of 20 months after surgery. There were 35 further cancer deaths (11 low molecular weight heparin group, 24 unfractionated heparin group) and 23 patients with late onset thromboembolic complications (11 low molecular weight heparin group, 12 unfractionated heparin group). The two drugs were of similar efficacy but the frequency of major bleeding was 41.1% less in the low molecular weight heparin group.

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“…Nevertheless, it was not very sensitive at picking up thrombi in the groin or pelvis. The test was mainly used as a study tool but went out of favour because of the infection risk associated with injecting blood products [ 110 ].…”

Section: Fibrinogen Uptake Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venous Thromboembolism

Pathansali¹

2015

Management of Post-Stroke Complications

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Venous thromboembolism after acute stroke has long been a diagnostic and management problem. From the realisation in the 1970s that the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis could be as great as 75 % because of a high unrecognised subclinical element, and silent pulmonary embolism may be the cause of a high proportion of post-stroke deaths, the concern has been on how to prevent this potentially deadly complication. The use of subcutaneous low-dose anticoagulation successful in other groups of high-risk patients has been fraught with the fear of causing intracranial haemorrhage in ischaemic stroke and extending bleeding in intracranial haemorrhage. Some have felt that the benefi ts of anticoagulation outweigh the risk, especially when using low-molecular-weight heparin, others have opted for mechanical prophylaxis which until recently had scant evidence in acute stroke. Meanwhile, improvements in acute stroke care appears, in itself, to have led to a fall in the incidence of venous thromboembolism, making the case for benefi t over risk of prophylactic anticoagulation less clear. Recent large trials have also both clarifi ed and strengthened the case for mechanical thromboprophylaxis, showing clearly that graduated compression stockings were not benefi cial, but intermittent pneumatic compression did prevent deep-vein thrombosis and reduce mortality. Venous thromboembolism when it occurs should be treated as a matter of urgency with anticoagulation or an inferior vena cava fi lter if the risk of bleeding is high. Keywords Key Messages• Occurs early after stroke and presents a diagnostic and management challenge.• Risk factors include severity of the stroke, immobility, and dehydration.

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Diagnostic Methods for Deep Vein Thrombosis

Cited by 36 publications

References 60 publications

Evaluating velvet antler growth in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using hand-held and digital infrared thermography

Evaluating velvet antler growth in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using hand-held and digital infrared thermography

Comparison of Unfractionated Versus Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis During Breast and Pelvic Cancer Surgery: Efficacy, Safety, and Follow-up

Venous Thromboembolism

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