Diagnostic Kit of breast cancer via urine microbiome

Is the skin microbiota a modifiable risk factor for breast disease?: A systematic review

“…The breast skin provides an opportunity for topical antimicrobial/probiotic treatment of BD. In addition, understanding the skin microbiota can also assist in early screening and diagnosis of BD, as demonstrated in preliminary studies using the urine microbiota [ 11 ]. Another use includes their role as a prognostic predictor, as preliminary studies suggest that microbiota characteristics can influence the response to chemotherapeutics or determine the risk of metastasis [ 18 , 30 ].…”

“…Certain bacterial taxa are ubiquitous among studies, whilst others note the impact of more rare bacterial lineages with disease onset [ 9 ]. Distal sources influencing the breast microbiota, such as the entero-mammary pathway [ 10 ], have been well established in the literature, and growing evidence has further assessed the role of urine [ 11 ], oral [ 10 , 12 , 13 ], and vaginal [ 7 ] microbes. Despite major advances, how the breast skin microbiota contributes to breast dysbiosis and the development of BD at present remains unclear.…”

Microorganisms and Breast Cancer: An In-Depth Analysis of Clinical Studies

“…Dysregulation of microbial homeostasis (referred to as dysbiosis) has been reported in benign and malignant breast disease [4]. The breast microbiota may be altered and influenced by microbes arising from other organs and distal sites, including urinary, oral, vaginal, and skin microbes [12,14,[29][30][31]. The entero-mammary pathway has been wellestablished [32].…”