Diagnostic Implications of Uric Acid in Electroanalytical Measurements

Abstract

Urate has a long history in clinical analysis and has served as an important diagnostic in a number of contexts. The increasing interest in metabolic syndrome has led to urate being used in combination with a number of other biomarkers in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. The traditional view of urate as principally an interferent in electrochemical measurement is now gradually being replaced with the realization that its measurement could serve as an invaluable secondary (if not primary) marker when monitoring conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Rather than attempting to wholly exclude urate electrochemistry, many strategies are being developed that can integrate the urate signal within the device architecture such that a range of biomarkers can be sequentially assessed. The present review has sought to rationalize the clinical importance that urate measurements could hold in future diagnostic applications -particularly within near patient testing contexts. The technologies harnessed for its detection and also those previously employed for its removal are reviewed with the aim of highlighting how the seemingly contrasting approaches are evolving to aid the development of new sensing devices for clinical analysis.

Simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid and uric acid using a fluorosurfactant-modified platinum electrode

“…Abnormal levels of UA are associated with a number of clinical situations, such as gout, hyperuricemia, LeschNyan disease, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, etc. [2,3]. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a vital vitamin widely required in metabolism and has been used for the prevention and treatment of common cold, mental illness, infertility, cancer and AIDS [4].…”

Selective detection of uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid based on electrochemiluminescence quenching

“…Abnormal levels of UA are related to a number of diseases including gout, hyperuricemia, LeschNyan, cardiovascular disease, kidney diseases, etc [15]. The detection of UA in physiological samples by using electrochemical techniques has been a subject of intensive study [16][17][18][19][20]. The major problem comes from the interference of ascorbic acid (AA) because of their overlapping oxidation peaks [21].…”

Layer-by-layer design and optimization of xerogel-based amperometric first generation biosensors for uric acid

“…UA biosensing schemes based on amperometric detection have been developed using a range of materials including polymer and self-assembled monolayer modified electrodes as well as electrodes incorporating carbon paste or nanomaterials [16,17]. Key challenges for the electrochemical approach of UA biosensing remain the selectivity of the schemes for UA in the presence of ascorbic acid as well as achieving effective UA sensitivity at concentrations directly relevant to the real-time measurements.…”