Diagnostic Imaging of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Systematic Review

Campbell, Richard E.; McGhee, Alexa N.; Freedman, Kevin B.; Tjoumakaris, Fotios P.

doi:10.1177/0363546520937302

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Physical education majors participate in more sports than other majors. ey not only attend the elective and compulsory basketball courses offered by the school but also have to participate in basketball training, competition, extracurricular activities, and practices [20]. erefore, in the research, sports injuries of students majoring in physical education are investigated on four occasions, namely, basketball special and compulsory courses, extracurricular activities, training, and competition.…”

Section: Experiments and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Sports Medicine Image Modeling for Injury Prevention in Basketball Training

Wenjie

Guo

2022

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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In order to solve the problem of sports medical image in basketball training, a sports medical image modeling research method based on injury prevention in basketball training was proposed. By the method, the current situation of sports injury in university basketball was investigated. At the same time, the injury factors were analyzed on four occasions, including basketball class, extracurricular activities, competition, and training. In order to reduce the occurrence of injury and enhance the security of basketball sports for nonbasketball students of physical education, combined with the problems and reasons, the corresponding suggestions were put forward. Through the experiment, it was found that the incidence of basketball injury for nonbasketball male university students was as high as 90.7%. The results of the experiment showed that it was necessary to enhance the awareness of self-protection, control emotions and exhibitionism, strengthen physical training, attach importance to basic skills training, do warm-up activities, stay focused, pay attention to exercise load, and prevent excessive fatigue.

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Section: Experiments and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Sports Medicine Image Modeling for Injury Prevention in Basketball Training

Wenjie

Guo

2022

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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“…The amount of joint widening is related to the ligament integrity as demonstrated in cadaveric studies with sequential ligament sectioning [ 28 , 31 ] and clinical studies of athletes with confirmed mUCL tears [ 22 ••, 32 – 34 ]. Multiple SUS techniques have been used in previous studies and have included a variety of force loads and flexion angles while applying stress.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Mucl Function With Stress Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On physical exam, patients often have tenderness along the medial elbow at or near the mUCL origin with positive provocative testing, including the moving valgus stress test and milking maneuver. The diagnosis is aided by various imaging modalities, including static radiographs [ 10 – 13 ], stress radiographs [ 13 – 16 ], computed tomography (CT) [ 17 ], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [ 4 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ••, 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and ultrasound (US) [ 28 – 30 ]. US has been shown to be a low cost, efficient, and non-invasive method to evaluate the mUCL in throwing athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Athletes

Sutterer

Boettcher

Payne

et al. 2022

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Purpose of Review Although ultrasound (US) imaging is commonly used to evaluate the elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament (mUCL) in throwing athletes, significant technical heterogeneity exists in the published literature and in practice. This has resulted in variable and often ambiguous US diagnostic criteria for mUCL injury. This review summarizes the literature on sonographic evaluation of the mUCL and outlines recommendations for consistent descriptive terminology, as well as future clinical and research applications. Recent Findings Both acute and chronic throwing loads in overhead athletes cause the mUCL to become thicker and more lax on stress testing, and these changes tend to revert after a period of prolonged rest. Stress US (SUS) can aid in the diagnosis of mUCL tears and may help identify athletes at risk of mUCL injury. Variability exists in terminology, elbow flexion angle, amount of stress applied, and technique of stress testing. Recent studies have suggested an injured elbow stress delta (SD—change in ulnohumeral joint (UHJ) space with valgus stress) of 2.4 mm and a stress delta difference (SDD—side-side difference in SD) of 1 mm each denote abnormal UHJ laxity due to mUCL injury. Summary US imaging is a powerful and widely accessible tool in the evaluation elbow mUCL injuries. Sonologists should consider how their US techniques compare with published methods and use caution when applying diagnostic criteria outside of those circumstances. Currently, an SD of 2.4 mm and an SDD of 1 mm provide the best diagnostic accuracy for mUCL tears requiring surgery. Finally, preliminary work suggests that shear wave elastography may be helpful in evaluating the biomechanical properties of the mUCL, but additional research is needed.

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“…6,8 Imaging modalities that have the greatest accuracy for diagnosis include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI-arthrogram, and stress ultrasonography. 2,3,11,12 Treatment of UCL injury depends on multiple factors. These include if the injury is a partial tear or complete tear and the location (distal versus proximal) of the partial tear.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Overhead Athletes: An Infographic Summary

Zaremski

2022

Sports Health

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Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow are common in throwing athletes. Given that the UCL’s primary function is to provide valgus stability during the deceleration phase of throwing, injury to the UCL will render throwing difficult to nearly impossible.15 Injuries will occur more so in the sports of baseball, softball, and javlineers participating in track and field.5,10,14 Data has indicated that valgus torque reaches 64 N-m and proximal forces as high as 1000 N to prevent elbow distraction. Further, angular velocity across elbow may reach 1900-2480 degrees/second.6,8 Imaging modalities that have the greatest accuracy for diagnosis include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI-arthrogram, and stress ultrasonography.2,3,11,12 Treatment of UCL injury depends on multiple factors. These include if the injury is a partial tear or complete tear and the location (distal versus proximal) of the partial tear.7 Further, complete tears, as well as partial distal tears, are more likely to undergo surgical intervention.1,13 Treatment decision-making is primarily dependent on following factors: location, severity, if the patient is a throwing athlete, and if the patient is in his or her last year of his/her throwing career due to the length of the rehabilitation process if surgery is pursued.15 Return-to-play success rates when treated conservatively vary from anywhere from 42% to 100%. Conservative treatment includes rest, rehabilitation, platelet-rich plasma injections, and a throwing program.4 Surgical treatment has evolved significantly with various reconstructive techniques and (when indicated) surgical repair with internal bracing. Return-to-play rates are high, ranging from 80% to 95% with low complication rates, but rehabilitation for reconstruction can range from 12-18 months or longer. Therefore, patients must be made aware of the commitment to the rehabilitation process if electing to undergo surgical reconstruction.9

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Diagnostic Imaging of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Systematic Review

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

[Retracted] Sports Medicine Image Modeling for Injury Prevention in Basketball Training

[Retracted] Sports Medicine Image Modeling for Injury Prevention in Basketball Training

The Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Throwing Athletes

Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in Overhead Athletes: An Infographic Summary

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