Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for children and adolescents: An international Delphi study—Part 1‐Development of Axis I

Rongo, Roberto; Ekberg, EwaCarin; Nilsson, IngMarie; Al‐Khotani, Amal; Alstergren, Per; Conti, Paulo César Rodrigues; Durham, Justin; Goulet, J.; Hirsch, Christian R; Kalaykova, Stanimira I.; Kapos, Flavia P.; Komiyama, Osamu; Koutris, Michail; List, Thomas; Lobbezoo, Frank; Ohrbach, Richard; Peck, Christopher C.; Restrepo, Claudia; Rodrigues, María João; Sharma, Sonia; Svensson, Peter; Visscher, Corine M.; Wahlund, Kerstin; Michelotti, Ambra

doi:10.1111/joor.13175

Cited by 48 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In our Delphi studies, TMD experts developed and adapted instruments to assess Axis I 26 of the DC/TMD in children and adolescents and, with the support of psychological experts, selected instruments for Axis II evaluation. The proposed changes of the DC/TMD will be assessed for validity and reliability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 In a previous Delphi study that adapted the DC/TMD Axis I for physical diagnosis, two different protocols were developed: one for children up to the age of 10 (from here forward, age 6-9); and one for adolescents, from age 10-19 years, according to the definition of adolescent defined according to the World Health Organization as age 10 years and older. 25,26 Similarly, the aim of this international Delphi study was to reach consensus regarding the adaptation of the adult DC/TMD Axis II and the inclusion of new instruments to create two new standardised set of instruments, one for children and one for adolescents, for the assessment of psychosocial functioning and pain-related disability related to TMDs. The final aim of this new set of instruments is to help clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with TMDs and to help researchers to use standardised instruments during a research protocol.…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: An international Delphi study‐Part 2‐Development of Axis II

Rongo

Ekberg

Nilsson

et al. 2022

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background: Unlike the psychosocial assessment established for adults in the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), a standardised psychosocial assessment for children and adolescents with TMD complaints has not yet been established. Objectives: To develop a new standardised instrument set to assess the psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents by adapting the psychosocial status and painrelated disability (Axis II) of the adult DC/TMD and by including new instruments.Methods: A modified Delphi method was used to survey 23 international TMD experts and four international experts in pain-related psychological factors for consensus regarding assessment tools for psychosocial functioning and pain-related disability in children and adolescents. The TMD experts reviewed 29 Axis II statements at round 1, 13 at round 2 and 2 at round 3. Agreement was set at 80% for first-round consensus level and 70% for each of the second and third rounds. The psychological experts completed a complementary Delphi survey to reach a consensus on tools to use to assess more complex psychological domains in children and adolescents. For the psychological experts, the first round included 10 open-ended questions on preferred screening tools for depression, anxiety, catastrophising, sleep problems and stress in children (ages 6-9 years old) and adolescents (ages 10-19 years old) as well as on other domains suggested for investigation. In the second round, the psychological experts received a 9-item questionnaire to prioritise the suggested instruments from most to least recommended. Results:The TMD experts, after three Delphi rounds, reached consensus on the changes of DC/TMD to create a form to evaluate Axis II in children and adolescents with TMD complaints. The psychological experts added tools to assess depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, catastrophising, stress and resilience. Conclusion:Through international expert consensus, this study adapted Axis II of the adult DC/TMD to assess psychosocial functioning and pain-related disability in children and adolescents. The adapted Axis II protocols will be validated in the target populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: An international Delphi study‐Part 2‐Development of Axis II

Rongo

Ekberg

Nilsson

et al. 2022

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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“…A clinical assessment for TMD signs and symptoms was performed according to the DC/TMD protocol (29) and the adaptation of the Axis I of the DC/TMD for use in children and adolescents (30). It was evaluated that myofascial pain in various body areas (head, face, jaw, neck, and shoulders) was measured with the VAS (31) (visual analog scale, which consisted of a graphic representation of the patient's face to assess the pain intensity from 0 to 10), TMJ sounds, sleep bruxism and awake bruxism, the deviation during the opening, the reduced opening, lateral, and protrusive movements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and its association with malocclusion in children: A transversal study

Macrì

Murmura

Scarano

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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This study investigated the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in a sample of children and adolescents and evaluated the correlation with occlusal variables. TMD signs and symptoms were recorded in 411 subjects (age range 7–15 years), divided into two groups: 214 subjects treated in Chieti (Italy) CG group and 197 in Murcia (Spain) MG group. Once the Angle dental class was identified, it was recorded if there were signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and occlusal interferences. The percentages of signs and symptoms were compared to determine the differences among the groups for TMDs, bruxism, joint sounds, deviation during the opening, reduced opening/lateral/protrusive movements, malocclusions, and myofascial pain. There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 1.057, p > 0.05). Subjects with Angle Class I (37.37%), deep bite (43.43%), and increased overjet (41.41%) showed a higher prevalence of TMD symptoms.

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“…According to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I, TMD could be divided in muscle disorders (including myofascial pain) or intra-articular disorders (including disc displacement with or without reduction, arthralgia, and arthritis) [ 144 , 145 ].…”

Section: Oxygen-ozone and Temporomandibular Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen-Ozone Therapy for Reducing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Serum Levels in Musculoskeletal and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Sire

Marotta

Ferrillo

et al. 2022

IJMS

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To date, the application of oxygen-ozone (O2O3) therapy has significantly increased in the common clinical practice in several pathological conditions. However, beyond the favorable clinical effects, the biochemical effects of O2O3 are still far from being understood. This comprehensive review aimed at investigating the state of the art about the effects of O2O3 therapy on pro-inflammatory cytokines serum levels as a modulator of oxidative stress in patients with musculoskeletal and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The efficacy of O2O3 therapy could be related to the moderate oxidative stress modulation produced by the interaction of ozone with biological components. More in detail, O2O3 therapy is widely used as an adjuvant therapeutic option in several pathological conditions characterized by chronic inflammatory processes and immune overactivation. In this context, most musculoskeletal and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) share these two pathophysiological processes. Despite the paucity of in vivo studies, this comprehensive review suggests that O2O3 therapy might reduce serum levels of interleukin 6 in patients with TMD, low back pain, knee osteoarthritis and rheumatic diseases with a concrete and measurable interaction with the inflammatory pathway. However, to date, further studies are needed to clarify the effects of this promising therapy on inflammatory mediators and their clinical implications.

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Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for children and adolescents: An international Delphi study—Part 1‐Development of Axis I

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: An international Delphi study‐Part 2‐Development of Axis II

Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: An international Delphi study‐Part 2‐Development of Axis II

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and its association with malocclusion in children: A transversal study

Oxygen-Ozone Therapy for Reducing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Serum Levels in Musculoskeletal and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

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