Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria”

Polman, Chris H.; Reingold, Stephen C.; Edan, Gilles; Filippi, Massimo; Hartung, Hans Peter; Kappos, Ludwig; Lublin, Fred; Metz, Luanne M.; McFarland, Henry F.; O’Connor, Paul; Sandberg‐Wollheim, Magnhild; Thompson, Alan J.; Weinshenker, Brian G.; Wolinsky, Jerry S.

doi:10.1002/ana.20703

Cited by 4,507 publications

(3,456 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Our study group consisted of 521 patients, all fulfilling Mc Donald's criteria for MS (Polman et al., 2005) and all recruited by collaborating genetic and clinical centers from Croatia and Slovenia, which belong to the same geographic area where the populations share a similar ethnic background (Table 1) (Zupan, Vrabec, & Glavač, 2013). The course of MS was classified according to the clinical data (Lublin & Reingold, 1996), and disease severity was estimated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score at the time when blood samples for genetics analysis were taken (Kurtzke, 1983; Roxburgh et al., 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lack of association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and nicotine dependence in multiple sclerosis

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveBlood‐borne angiotensin II is generated from angiotensinogen via cleavage by renin and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), an enzymatic cascade known as the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Several lines of evidence indicate that ACE, beyond its classical role of mediating blood pressure regulation, might contribute to the etiology of substance addictions by influencing dopaminergic signaling. A functional insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene was associated with risk for being a smoker among individuals with depression and with smoking severity in studies comprising patients with depression and healthy controls. Several reports have described significantly increased ACE activity in cerebrospinal fluid and serum among MS patients. Furthermore, in our previous work with MS patients from Croatian and Slovenian populations, we demonstrated that the ACE‐I/D polymorphism contributes to an elevated MS risk among male patients. Here we investigated whether the ACE‐I/D polymorphism might influence smoking behavior among patients with MS.Patients and MethodsGenotyping was performed in 521 patients (males/females: 139/382) using polymerase chain reaction.ResultsWe revealed no significant differences in ACE genotype and allele frequencies between smokers and nonsmokers and no significant association between the ACE‐I/D polymorphism and either pack‐year smoking history or number of cigarettes smoked daily (p > .05, respectively).ConclusionThe ACE‐I/D polymorphism does not contribute either to risk for nicotine dependence or to smoking severity among MS patients. In the context of reports on the ACE‐I/D polymorphism and nicotine dependence among healthy controls and patients with depression, we may speculate that the mechanism by which this polymorphism influences nicotine dependence risk differs in MS compared to depression, although not compared to a healthy population. In addition to angiotensin II, other potential ACE substrates, such as substance P and neurotensin, which also influence dopaminergic neurotransmission (and are proposed to be associated with MS), may deserve study in future.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lack of association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and nicotine dependence in multiple sclerosis

et al. 2016

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“…into the analysis, it became clear that these higher lesion load measurements on 3 T do not necessarily lead to different classifications according to the clinical International Panel (IP) criteria for MS. Only one single patient in this study received the diagnosis of dissemination in space based on the 3 T but not on the 1.5-T examination [30]. Additionally, a short-term followup study of this patient cohort clearly demonstrated that higher lesion load measurements on 3 T versus 1.5 T do not lead to an earlier diagnosis of MS [31], neither according to the revised IP criteria nor to the recently introduced Swanton criteria [7,32].…”

Section: Conventional High Field Mri At 3 T In Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Lesions in the spinal cord are frequently observed in MS patients and are already present in early stages of the disease [7,94,95]. In contrast to experiences in brain imaging, high field MRI applications up to 3T failed to demonstrate a higher sensitivity in the detection of spinal cord abnormalities.…”

Section: Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive diagnostic tool in the detection of focal and diffuse changes of MS in vivo and has become the most important paraclinical method in the diagnosis of MS within diagnostic criteria [3][4][5]. The so-called McDonald criteria allow a diagnosis of MS based on MRI findings as early as 3 months after the first clinical event without further clinical relapses [6,7]. Furthermore, in patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS, MRI has gained an important prognostic value in terms of predicting the conversion to clinically definite MS and long-term disability [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: high field–high yield?

Wattjes

Barkhof

2009

Neuroradiology

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Following the approval of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly incorporated into the clinical setting. Especially in the field of neuroimaging, the number of high field MRI applications has been increased dramatically. Taking advantage on increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and chemical shift, higher magnetic field strengths offer new perspectives particularly in brain imaging and also challenges in terms of several technical and physical consequences. Over the past few years, many applications of high field MRI in patients with suspected and definite multiple sclerosis (MS) have been reported including conventional and quantitative MRI methods. Conventional pulse sequences at 3 T offers higher lesion detection rates when compared to 1.5 T, particularly in anatomic regions which are important for the diagnosis of patients with MS. MR spectroscopy at 3 T is characterized by an improved spectral resolution due to increased chemical shift allowing a better quantification of metabolites. It detects significant axonal damage already in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes and can quantify metabolites of special interest such as glutamate which is technically difficult to quantify at lower field strengths. Furthermore, the higher susceptibility and SNR offer advantages in the field of functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. The recently introduced new generation of ultra-high field systems beyond 3 T allows scanning in submillimeter resolution and gives new insights into in vivo MS pathology on MRI. The objectives of this article are to review the current knowledge and level of evidence concerning the application of high field MRI in MS and to give some ideas of research perspectives in the future.

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“…The patients included in the NMSRB and OMSR were diagnosed according to the Poser 3 or the McDonald 4, 5, 6 criteria by Norwegian neurologists. However, the coverage in the NMSRB was low (approximately 50% in our study), and we developed a set of inclusion criteria to exclude possible cases included in NPR due to misclassification: (i) more than one visit registered in NPR with MS as main or codiagnosis or (ii) MS and optic neuritis (ON) or (iii) MS or ON in combination with the prescription of a MS drug from NPR/NPD or (iv) MS or ON in combination with code from a rehabilitation institution.…”

Section: A Step Back For Ms Prevalence Studies In Norwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comments on the review article ‘Time trends in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Norway during eight decades’

et al. 2015

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Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria”

Cited by 4,507 publications

References 39 publications

The lack of association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and nicotine dependence in multiple sclerosis

The lack of association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and nicotine dependence in multiple sclerosis

High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: high field–high yield?

Comments on the review article ‘Time trends in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Norway during eight decades’

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