Diagnostic Bioterrorism Response Strategies

Knutsson, Rickard

doi:10.5772/32254

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…These networks were established along the XXI century in a few countries. (14,30,33) Nevertheless, countries should at a minimum be aware of national and international laboratory capabilities across animal health, public health and forensic sectors. Based on this, national plans can be developed, and collaboration agreements established.…”

Section: Laboratory Category Of the Set Biothreat Detection Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The module also addresses the availability of su cient resources in relevant laboratories and the percentage of laboratories with information systems. These information systems are important for evidence tracing, chain of custody maintenance and for timely sharing of laboratory results (33). Finally, the laboratory category veri es the capacity of the country to differentiate foreign, emerging or manipulated pathogens from those that are already circulating in the country.…”

Section: Laboratory Category Of the Set Biothreat Detection Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

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Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

Gioia¹,

Lamielle²,

Aguanno³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Attacks using animal pathogens can have devastating socioeconomic, public health and national security consequences. The livestock sector has some inherent vulnerabilities which put it at risk to the deliberate or accidental spread of disease. The growing concern of countries about the risks of agro-terrorism and agro-crime has led to efforts to prepare against potential attacks. One recent international effort is the launch of a joint OIE, FAO and INTERPOL project in 2019 to build resilience against agro-terrorism and agro-crime targeting animal health with the financial support of the Weapons Threat Reduction Programme of Global Affairs Canada. Given the importance of strong animal health surveillance systems for the early and effective response to agro-terrorism and agro-crime, the project uses the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) and its new Biothreat Detection Module to evaluate beneficiary countries’ capacities to detect criminal or terrorist animal health events. This paper presents the development of the new SET Biothreat Detection Module and how it will be used to evaluate surveillance for agro-terrorism and agro-crime animal threats. The module will be piloted in early 2021 and, once finalized, will be used by beneficiary countries of the joint OIE-FAO-INTERPOL project. Results from evaluations using SET and its Biothreat Detection Module are expected to provide a baseline from which countries can build targeted capacity for animal disease surveillance including early detection and investigation of potential terrorist or criminal events involving zoonotic and non-zoonotic animal pathogens.

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Section: Laboratory Category Of the Set Biothreat Detection Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Category Of the Set Biothreat Detection Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

Gioia¹,

Lamielle²,

Aguanno³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…This requires a multidisciplinary network of diagnostic capabilities both in law enforcement agencies and public health organizations that can respond to environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and food threats. 105 In addition to diagnostic capabilities, vaccination preparedness is crucial. 20,106 After a long period of being disease free, the Netherlands experienced epidemics of CSF, FMD, and HPAI in a period of 7 years.…”

Section: Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Agroterrorism Targeting Livestock: A Review with a Focus on Early Detection Systems

Elbers¹,

Knutsson²

2013

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, an

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Agroterrorism targeting livestock can be described as the intentional introduction of an animal disease agent against livestock with the purpose of causing economic damage, disrupting socioeconomic stability of a country, and creating panic and distress. This type of terrorism can be alluring to terrorists because animal disease agents are easily available. This review addresses the vulnerabilities of the livestock industry to agroterrorism. However, we also show that early detection systems have recently been developed for agroterrorism and deliberate spread of animal pathogens in livestock, including an agroterrorism intelligence cycle, syndromic surveillance programs, and computer-based clinical decision support systems that can be used for early detection of notifiable animal diseases. The development of DIVA-vaccines in the past 10 to 15 years has created, in principle, an excellent response instrument to counter intentional animal disease outbreaks. These developments have made our animal agriculture less vulnerable to agroterrorism. But we cannot relax; there are still many challenges, in particular with respect to integration of first line of defense, law enforcement, and early detection systems for animal diseases.

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“…response strategies must be available for overt and covert attacks, and these strategies should be based on lessons learned from previous attacks and incidents, planning scenarios, research activities, and validation and implementations of analysis methods. 5 In addition, diagnostic preparedness against agroterrorism and bioterrorism requires interagency collaboration, which has resulted in the establishment of Laboratory Response Networks (LRNs) that can handle diagnostic challenges for many different sample types, including clinical, food, feed, air, water, and environmental samples. 6,7 These laboratory networks for bioterror incidents have been established in many countries, including Australia, 8 Canada, 9 France, 10 South Korea, 11 Sweden, 12 and the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-PCR Processing in Bioterrorism Preparedness: Improved Diagnostic Capabilities for Laboratory Response Networks

Hedman

Knutsson

Ansell

et al. 2013

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, an

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Diagnostic DNA analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a valuable tool for rapid detection of biothreat agents. However, analysis is often challenging because of the limited size, quality, and purity of the biological target. Pre-PCR processing is an integrated concept in which the issues of analytical limit of detection and simplicity for automation are addressed in all steps leading up to PCR amplification--that is, sampling, sample treatment, and the chemical composition of PCR. The sampling method should maximize target uptake and minimize uptake of extraneous substances that could impair the analysis--so-called PCR inhibitors. In sample treatment, there is a trade-off between yield and purity, as extensive purification leads to DNA loss. A cornerstone of pre-PCR processing is to apply DNA polymerase-buffer systems that are tolerant to specific sample impurities, thereby lowering the need for expensive purification steps and maximizing DNA recovery. Improved awareness among Laboratory Response Networks (LRNs) regarding pre-PCR processing is important, as ineffective sample processing leads to increased cost and possibly false-negative or ambiguous results, hindering the decision-making process in a bioterrorism crisis. This article covers the nature and mechanisms of PCR-inhibitory substances relevant for agroterrorism and bioterrorism preparedness, methods for quality control of PCR reactions, and applications of pre-PCR processing to optimize and simplify the analysis of various biothreat agents. Knowledge about pre-PCR processing will improve diagnostic capabilities of LRNs involved in the response to bioterrorism incidents.

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Diagnostic Bioterrorism Response Strategies

Cited by 6 publications

References 71 publications

Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

Informing resilience building: FAO’s Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET) Biothreat Detection Module will help assess national capacities to detect agro-terrorism and agro-crime

Agroterrorism Targeting Livestock: A Review with a Focus on Early Detection Systems

Pre-PCR Processing in Bioterrorism Preparedness: Improved Diagnostic Capabilities for Laboratory Response Networks

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