Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19

Abstract

The world is facing lockdown for the first time in decades due to the novel coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This has led to massive global economic disruption, placed additional strain on local and global public health resources and, above all, threatened human health. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed and unpublished data, written in English, reporting on the current COVID-19 pandemic. This data includes previously used strategies against infectious disease, recent clinical trials and FDA-approved diagnostic and treatment strategies. The literature was obtained through a systematic search using PubMed, Web of Sciences, and FDA, NIH and WHO websites. Of the 98 references included in the review, the majority focused on pathogen and host targeting, symptomatic treatment and convalescent plasma utilization. Other sources investigated vaccinations in the pipeline for the possible prevention of COVID-19 infection. The results demonstrate various conventional as well as potentially advanced in vitro diagnostic approaches (IVD) for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Mixed results have been observed so far when utilising these approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Some treatments have been found highly effective in specific regions of the world while others have not altered the disease process. The responsiveness of currently available options is not conclusive. The novelty of this disease, the rapidity of its global outbreak and the unavailability of vaccines have contributed to the global public's fear. It is concluded that the exploration of a range of diagnostic and treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 is the need of the hour.

Neurobiochemical Cross-talk Between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Thus, COVID-19 treatment strategies tend to impede viral entry, viral replication, and subsequent symptom amelioration. In this regard, SARS-CoV-2-directed drugs (remdesivir, lopinavir), hosttargeting agents such as ACE/ACE2 receptor inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and immunomodulators such as inhibitors to IL-6 and IL-1, and convalescent plasma therapy had been in practice worldwide [75].…”

Clinical Profile, Treatment and Predictors during the First COVID-19 Wave: A Population-Based Registry Analysis from Castile and Leon Hospitals

“…According to the Spanish national and regional health authorities [ 17 , 18 ], medicines used in the treatment of COVID-19 in the first COVID-19 wave were the following: (1) antibiotics, such as azithromycin or ceftriaxone; (2) antimalarials, such as hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine; (3) steroids, such as methylprednisolone or prednisone; (4) antivirals, such as lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir; and (5) anti-SIRS drugs, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) inhibitors, such as anakinra, interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitors, such as tocilizumab, sarilumab or siltuximab, selective inhibitors of Janus-associated kinases (JAK), such as ruxolitinib or baricitinib, and several types of interferon (IFN), such as IFN β-1b and IFN α-2b [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Importantly, in our country the stocks for various anti-SIRS drugs became spent rapidly, and decisions to use them in patients with a predictable better prognosis were necessary.…”

SARS-CoV2 revisión bibliográfica

“…Enfoque en el diagnostico in vitro se basa en la detección del material genético viral o anticuerpo del huésped contra Covid-19 [10].…”

“…• Reacción de las cadenas de polimerasa en tiempo real: Para confirmar el diagnóstico de Covid-19 se necesita identificar el material genético viral en el cuerpo huésped, esta forma de test es muy recomendado [10]. La reacción de cadena de polimerasa transcriptasa reversa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) puede ser usada para la detección de los ácidos nucleicos de COVID-19 en las muestras nasofaríngeas, secreciones del tracto respiratorio inferior, esputo, sangre y heces ya que tiene alta exactitud y precisión [24].…”

“…• Reacción de cadena de polimerasa en tiempo real basado en dispositivos de pruebas rápidas: Puede detectar al CO-VID-19 dentro de aproximadamente 45 minutos, las muestras pueden ser recolectadas por barrido nasofaríngeo o lavado nasal y son preparadas en menos de 1 minuto [10].…”