Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Immune/Inflammation Biomarkers for Venous Thromboembolism: Is It Reliable for Clinical Practice?

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), has been an important cause of sudden in-hospital death. Studies have shown that the immune/inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, with representative markers in the blood including the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune/inflammatory index (SII), etc. However, there is a variety of immune/inflammatory indicators. Moreover, most previous studies have been single-center investigations involving one or two indicators, with varying nature of cases, number of cases and study objectives, thereby making it difficult to reach consensus conclusions with good clinical guidelines. This article reviews the clinical value of immunoinflammatory indicators for VTE based on previous studies, including the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. In conclusion, NLR provides promising predictive capability for the onset and prognosis of VTE and deserves extensive application in clinical practice. PLR also has certain diagnostic and prognostic value, but further studies are warranted to identify its reliability and stability. Monocytes, eosinophils and platelet-related indicators show some clinical association with VTE, although the predictive capabilities are mediocre. SII is of promising potential value for VTE and deserves further investigations. This review will provide new clues and valuable clinical guidance for the diagnosis and therapy of VTE.

Predictive Role of Blood Cellular Indices and Their Relationship with Endogenous Glycosaminoglycans as Determinants of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Pulmonary Embolism

“…Several studies investigated the blood cell counts and ratios for prediction of prognosis of acute PE. 11 These studies were mostly single-center investigations involving one or two parameters. Thus, their predictive role in acute PE remains unclear.…”

Evaluation of the efficiency of the systemic immune‐inflammation index in differentiating parapneumonic effusion from empyema

“…[15][16][17][18] The systemic immune-inflammation index is a new marker of inflammation, and reflecting the balance between the patient's inflammatory and immune status, and it can be used to predict the prognosis of many diseases such as Bell's palsy, SARS-CoV-2 infection, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular events as well as oncological diseases. 12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Nevertheless, studies evaluating the efficacy of the SII in pediatric patients are limited. The index was found to be effective in predicting internal organ involvement in pediatric patients with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura.…”

“…Easily obtainable inflammatory biomarkers have recently been used effectively in the diagnosis and predicting prognosis of many diseases, not limited to infectious disease, but encompassing also ischemic stroke and acute coronary syndrome 15–18 . The systemic immune‐inflammation index is a new marker of inflammation, and reflecting the balance between the patient's inflammatory and immune status, and it can be used to predict the prognosis of many diseases such as Bell's palsy, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular events as well as oncological diseases 12,19–25 . Nevertheless, studies evaluating the efficacy of the SII in pediatric patients are limited.…”

Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as an Easily Accessible Parameter for Monitoring Tacrolimus Overdose after Heart Transplantation—Experimental Study

“…Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a simple parameter, obtained from whole blood count, that describes inflammatory states with possible clinical significance [ 21 , 22 ]. Its significant values for risk of atherosclerosis progression were previously reported [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”