Diagnostic and prognostic significance of biomarkers

Abstract

U medicinskoj praksi za dijagnostikovanje i prog-nosti~ko pra}enje oboljenja naj~e{}e se koriste laboratorijska dijagnosti~ka odre|ivanja (u daljem tekstu: dijagnosti~ki testovi). Ova dijagnosti~ka strategija uvek je u izvesnoj meri pra}ena nesigurno{}u koja mo`e da potekne od neta~nosti samog dijagnosti~kog testa ili neta~nosti klini~kog sagledavanja stanja pacijenta ili interpretacije dijagnosti~kog testa. Nesigurnost koju uslovljava prvi navedeni uzrok danas je u najve}oj meri smanjena razvojem novih, pogodnijih analiti~kih postupaka i posve}ivanjem vi{e pa`nje sprovo|enju kontrole kvaliteta u laboratorijama. Analiti~ke laboratorijske metode i postupci se danas u najve}oj meri razvijaju za tzv. biomarkere, odnosno biohemijske pokazatelje oboljenja pojedinih organa koji moraju da ima-ju niz specifi~nih karakteristika da bi ispunili uslov da se primene kao biohemijski markeri za otkrivanje i razlikovanje pojedinih oboljenja datog organa. Primenom ovakve definicije pribli`avamo se tzv. organospecifi~nosti nekog biohemijskog parametra koja se primenjuje u klini~koj enzimologiji, mada u organi~enoj meri. Karakteristike biomarkera Uspe{an biohemijski pokazatelj mora da ispuni nekoliko uslova i to: 1) da mu je koncentracija relativno visoka u odgo-varaju}em tkivu, a zanemarljiva u drugim tkivima, 2) da je pogodno subcelularno raspodeljen, kako bi se nakon o{te}enja tkiva brzo na{ao u cirkulaciji, 3) da se u cirkulaciji zadr`ava dovoljno dugo kako bi mogla da se prati njegova koncentracija, 4) da se mo`e odrediti pomo}u pogodne i osetljive analiti~ke metode, primenljive i na automatskim analizatorima, Jugoslov. Med. Biohem. 1

Systematic review of the use of bone turnover markers for monitoring the response to osteoporosis treatment: the secondary prevention of fractures, and primary prevention of fractures in high-risk groups

“…5,6,11,15,34,47,50, Sixteen of the full papers were published in languages other than English. 37,52,74,76,79,81,95,[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] Nineteen studies had duplicate publications; where this was the case 14,40,42,43,56,103,104, one paper was allocated as the primary publication (full paper if the duplicate was an abstract or letter; the published paper if the duplicate comprised data from the manufacturer's online trials database, the most recent publication, or the paper published in English) and used as the citation for the study throughout the review; 14,40,42,43,56,106,[131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140]142,143 relevant data were extracted from all publications where applicable. After full-paper screening, 42 studies (across 70 publications) met the inclusion criteria for the review of clinical effectiveness; the flow of studies through the review is given in Figure 1<...>…”

Management, Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker of the Toxic Effects of Pesticides in People Occupationally Exposed

“…Depending on the degree of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and increase acetylcholine content, organophosphates lead to stimulation or paralysis transmission of nerve impulses in the central and neuro-effector synapses of the cholinergic nervous. In the clinical picture of poisoning are being distinguished: muscarinic effects (bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, bronchorrhea, hypotension, increased gastrointestinal motility, abdominal cramps, miosis, hypersalivation), nicotinic effects (hypertension, tachycardia, fasciculation, skeletal muscle necrosis) and the central toxic phenomena (tremor, incoordination movements, convulsions, central respiratory depression, coma and death) [ 5 , 9 - 11 ]. The therapy of organophosphate poisoning includes aspiration of the upper respiratory tracts, cardiopulmonary reanimation, gastric lavage, provision of specific drugs and antidotes.…”