Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) comprises over 75% of all renal tumors and arises in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Molecularly ccRCC is characterized by copy number alterations (CNAs) such as the loss of chromosome 3p and VHL inactivation. Additional driver mutations (SETD2, PBRM1, BAP1, and others) promote genomic instability and tumor cell metastasis through the dysregulation of various metabolic and immune-response pathways. Many researchers identified mutation, gene expression, and proteomic signatures for early diagnosis and prognostics for ccRCC. Despite a tremendous influx of data regarding DNA alterations, gene expression, and protein expression, the incorporation of these analyses for diagnosis and prognosis of RCC into the clinical application has not been implemented yet. In this review, we focused on the molecular changes associated with ccRCC development, along with gene expression and protein signatures, to emphasize the utilization of these molecular profiles in clinical practice. These findings, in the context of machine learning and precision medicine, may help to overcome some of the barriers encountered for implementing molecular profiles of tumors into the diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.

A review on the role of long non-coding RNA and microRNA network in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its tumor microenvironment

“…The carcinogenesis of ccRCC is a complicated biological process, which is closely associated with gene mutation, genome instability, and epigenetic disorder [7]. Some important genes are well known to participate in the occurrence and development of ccRCC, for instance, the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene.…”

Research Progress of Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Therapy for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

“… 1 Adult RCC can be classified into clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC, ∼80% of cases), shape cell (pRCC, ∼10-15% of cases), color thinning (chRCC, ∼5% of cases), and other rare types. 2 , 3 For patients with advanced disease, mortality is as high as 82% within 5 years. RCC is not sensitive to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, yet a large proportion of these patients develop drug resistance, making the treatment ineffective.…”