Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and the potential role of exosomes in drug delivery

Sattar, Real Sumayya Abdul; Verma, Renu; Nimisha,; Kumar, Arun; Dar, Ghulam Mehdi; Apurva,; Sharma, Abhay; Kumari, Indu; Ahmad, Ejaj; Ali, Asgar; Mahajan, Bhawna; Saluja, Sundeep Singh

doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110413

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 257 publications

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“…Second, it is essential to distinguish between the three types of feces miRNAs: fecal colonocyte miRNAs, exosomal miRNAs from fecal exosomes, and cell-free miRNAs from fecal homogenates (Ahmed et al, 2019). In the feces of CRC patients, the miR-145 and miR-143 were downregulated, while miR135, the miR17-92 cluster, miR-106a, miR-92a, miR144, and miR-21 were upregulated (Sattar et al, 2022).…”

Section: Stool Mirnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel biomarkers used for early diagnosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in colorectal cancer

Jiang,

Zhou,

2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second most lethal type of cancer worldwide, presenting major health risks as well as economic costs to both people and society. CRC survival chances are significantly higher if the cancer is diagnosed and treated early. With the development of molecular biology, numerous initiatives have been undertaken to identify novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CRC. Pathological disorders can be diagnosed at a lower cost with the help of biomarkers, which can be detected in stool, blood, and tissue samples. Several lines of evidence suggest that the gut microbiota could be used as a biomarker for CRC screening and treatment. CRC treatment choices include surgical resection, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and combination therapies. Targeted therapies are a relatively new and promising modality of treatment that has been shown to increase patients’ overall survival (OS) rates and can inhibit cancer cell development. Several small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being investigated as potential treatments due to our increasing awareness of CRC’s molecular causes and oncogenic signaling. These compounds may inhibit critical enzymes in controlling signaling pathways, which are crucial for CRC cells’ development, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. On the other hand, only one of the approximately 42 TKIs that demonstrated anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical studies has been licensed for clinical usage in CRC. A significant knowledge gap exists when bringing these tailored medicines into the clinic. As a result, the emphasis of this review is placed on recently discovered biomarkers for early diagnosis as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors as possible therapy options for CRC.

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Section: Stool Mirnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel biomarkers used for early diagnosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in colorectal cancer

Jiang,

Zhou,

2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Since almost 30% of colorectal carcinomas do not produce CEA [ 72 ], an increasing amount of research has been performed in recent years on new types of circulating tumor biomarkers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), tumor DNA (ctDNA) and microRNA (miRNA) [ 73 ]. On the one hand, CTCs are epithelial cancer cells with distinct nuclear morphology that enter the circulatory system and can be detected in the peripheral blood [ 72 , 74 ]. Since these cells can function as an early indicator of potential metastasis, the ability to detect CTCs before the development of secondary tumors may help to improve patient outcomes [ 41 ].…”

Section: Antibody-loaded Nanosystems For Crc Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This CTC detection kit is already in clinical use, but it has some limitations since EpCAM expression is absent in some cancer cells, such as those that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The kit requires large volumes of blood and is quite expensive, so CellSearch ® is not applied routinely [ 72 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. To address these drawbacks, various technologies were developed, such as AdnaTest ® , another commercialized positive selection platform.…”

Section: Antibody-loaded Nanosystems For Crc Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody-Loaded Nanoplatforms for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: An Update

et al. 2023

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At present, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest type of cancer, partly because a high percentage of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages when tumors have already metastasized. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic systems that allow early detection as well as new therapeutic systems that are more specific than those currently available. In this context, nanotechnology plays a very important role in the development of targeted platforms. In recent decades, many types of nanomaterials with advantageous properties have been used for nano-oncology applications and have been loaded with different types of targeted agents, capable of recognizing tumor cells or biomarkers. Indeed, among the different types of targeted agents, the most widely used are monoclonal antibodies, as the administration of many of them is already approved by the main drug regulatory agencies for the treatment of several types of cancer, including CRC. In this way, this review comprehensively discusses the main drawbacks of the conventional screening technologies and treatment for CRC, and it presents recent advances in the application of antibody-loaded nanoplatforms for CRC detection, therapy or theranostics applications.

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“…However, the bottleneck for exosomes to exert their extensive and abundant biological functions is limited yield and poor targeting ability. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to massively improve the yield of exosomes and their targeted enrichment in target organs [ 18 – 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removing the stumbling block of exosome applications in clinical and translational medicine: expand production and improve accuracy

Zhao

et al. 2023

Stem Cell Res Ther

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Although the clinical application and transformation of exosomes are still in the exploration stage, the prospects are promising and have a profound impact on the future transformation medicine of exosomes. However, due to the limitation of production and poor targeting ability of exosomes, the extensive and rich biological functions of exosomes are restricted, and the potential of clinical transformation is limited. The current research is committed to solving the above problems and expanding the clinical application value, but it lacks an extensive, multi-angle, and comprehensive systematic summary and prospect. Therefore, we reviewed the current optimization strategies of exosomes in medical applications, including the exogenous treatment of parent cells and the improvement of extraction methods, and compared their advantages and disadvantages. Subsequently, the targeting ability was improved by carrying drugs and engineering the structure of exosomes to solve the problem of poor targeting ability in clinical transformation. In addition, we discussed other problems that may exist in the application of exosomes. Although the clinical application and transformation of exosomes are still in the exploratory stage, the prospects are promising and have a profound impact on drug delivery, clinical diagnosis and treatment, and regenerative medicine.

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Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and the potential role of exosomes in drug delivery

Cited by 8 publications

References 257 publications

Novel biomarkers used for early diagnosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in colorectal cancer

Novel biomarkers used for early diagnosis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as targeted therapies in colorectal cancer

Antibody-Loaded Nanoplatforms for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: An Update

Removing the stumbling block of exosome applications in clinical and translational medicine: expand production and improve accuracy

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