“…"Gene set variation analysis (GSVA)" R package (GSVA, for short) (Aran et al, 2017;Charoentong et al, 2017), CIBERSORT (Newman et al, 2015), MCP-counter and TIMER were primarily developed and used for novel immune cell subtype identification and concentration evaluation using tissue transcriptome data (Aran et al, 2017;Charoentong et al, 2017;Danaher et al, 2017;Finotello and Trajanoski, 2018;Thakur et al, 2022). Among these tools, GSVA has been widely used in tumor (Charoentong et al, 2017;Deng et al, 2019;Shen et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2020;Gong et al, 2021;Zhuang et al, 2021) and nontumor researches (Hu et al, 2021;Shen et al, 2021;Yu et al, 2021) for core module identification at the gene-set level. AIbased models constructed using low-dimensional biological pathway data generated by GSVA as inputs have become popular and demonstrate promising effects (Chawla et al, 2022;Martinez et al, 2022).…”