Diagnostic Accuracy with Total Adenosine Deaminase as a Biomarker for Discriminating Pleural Transudates and Exudates in a Population-Based Cohort Study

Abstract

Background. An initial step in the evaluation of patients with pleural effusion syndrome (PES) is to determine whether the pleural fluid is a transudate or an exudate. Objectives. To investigate total adenosine deaminase (ADA) as a biomarker to classify pleural transudates and exudates. Methods. An assay of total ADA in pleural fluids (P-ADA) was observed using a commercial kit in a population-based cohort study. Results. 157 pleural fluid samples were collected from untreated individuals with PES due to several causes. The cause most prevalent in transudate samples (21%, n = 33 / 157 ) was congestive heart failure (79%, 26/33) and that among exudate samples (71%, n = 124 / 157 ) was tuberculosis (28.0%, 44/124). There was no significant difference in the proportion of either sex between the transudate and exudate groups. The median values of P-ADA were significantly different ( P < 0.0001 ) between both total exudates (18.4 U/L; IQR, 9.85-41.4) and exudates without pleural tuberculosis (11.0 U/L; IQR, 7.25-19.75) and transudates (6.85; IQR, 2.67-11.26). For exudates, the AUC was 0.820 (95% CI, 0.751-0.877; P < 0.001 ), with excellent discrimination. The optimum cut-off point in the ROC curve was determined as the level that provided the maximum positive likelihood ratio (PLR; 14.64; 95% CI, 2.11-101.9) and was22.0 U/L. For transudates, the AUC was 0.8245 (95% CI, 0.7470-0.9020; P < 0.0001 ). Internal validation of the AUC after 1000 resamples was evaluated with a tolerance minor than 2%. The clinical utility was equal to 92% (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.96, P < 0.05 ).Conclusions. P-ADA is a useful biomarker for distinguishing pleural exudates from transudates.

Clinical Value of Pleural Effusion and Serum MMP-3 and CYFRA21-1 Combined with ADA in Differential Diagnosis of Pleural Exudative Effusion

“…Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) is an important molecular structure of the epithelial cytoskeleton. When the body cells become cancerous, the activating protease accelerates the degradation of cytokeratin, resulting in the increased serum CYFRA 21-1 level [ 7 ]. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism and widely exists in tissues and cells.…”

Elevated Nitrite/Nitrate Ratio as a Potential Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Pleural Effusions

“…Despite the usefulness of Light’s criteria in identifying exudates, it has been reported that Light’s criteria misclassified about 20–30% of transudates as exudates [ 3 ], especially when patients received diuretics. Recently, several studies have proposed other biomarkers for helping and improving the differentiation of exudates and transudates such as total adenosine deaminase [ 4 ], cholesterol [ 5 ], and C-reactive protein [ 6 ].…”