Diagnosis of Pediatric Genitourinary Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma by Urine Cytology

Rhabdomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in a young man suspected and confirmed on urine cytology

“…In addition to that, a young age should raise suspicion of mesenchymal tumors as urothelial carcinomas are very unusual in young patients. In the report by Anderson et al, tumour cells were detected with small, round, blue cell morphology having high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios in the urine of a 16‐month‐old infant. Owing to the rapid progression of tumours such as RMS, a prompt diagnosis, possibly aided by cytochemistry on smears, can expedite the definite diagnosis and initiation of specific treatment.…”

“…Sarcomas are very rarely diagnosed in urine cytology, with only 10 cases reported in the literature so far . The reason for this can be:(a) the rarity of the lesions themselves, especially when compared to epithelial lesions; or(b) the low rate of shedding of the tumour cells in urine.…”

“…Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common lower urinary tract sarcoma in children and can occur in the urinary bladder, prostate, testis and paratesticular sites, penis, vagina, uterus, or perineum . Despite this high incidence in adolescence, there have been only a few reported cases of RMS in the urine . We report a case of embryonal RMS in the urine in a young man that was morphologically suspected as malignant mesenchymal tumour and confirmed as RMS with the help of MyoD1 on the cytosmear.…”

Diagnosis of pediatric neuroblastoma by urine cytology: A case report

“…Cytological examination of urine in children is an uncommon method of detecting malignancy. Despite its limited use, lymphoma, Wilms' tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma have all been detected using this method. Previous reports described the cytological findings of neuroblastoma by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), but there have been no cases of neuroblastoma characterized by urine cytology .…”

Sarcoma in urine cytology; an extremely rare entity: A report of two cases

“…The detection of non-urothelial neoplasms, especially sarcomas in the urine cytology is extremely rare, taking into account the rarity of the lesions as well as the lack of awareness of the cytologists. There are only few case reports available in the medical literature, to the best of our knowledge, describing the urine cytology of a high-grade prostatic leiomyosarcoma [1] and urinary bladder leiomyosarcoma,[2] pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma [34] and angiosarcoma. [5] A case report of sarcomatoid carcinoma is also available in the medical literature, which morphologically mimics a sarcoma.…”