Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in Captive Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus) by Polymerase Chain reaction

Veeraselvam, M.; Ramaswamy, Sridhar; Senthilkumar, T.; Perumal, P.; Jayathangaraj, M.G.

doi:10.1007/s12595-014-0102-y

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, perusal of literature did not reveal any information on diagnosis of TB by acid-fast staining in fecal sample of sloth bears. Veeraselvam et al, (2008) reported five out of 42 fresh fecal samples positive for M. bovis by PCR method. This may be attributed to swallowing of tuberculous bacilli in the nasal discharges and excretion in the fecesas opined by Good (1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears in Karnataka

Nagaraj¹,

Bhat²,

Byregowda³

2021

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Tuberculosis (TB) is contagious disease of zoonotic importance. The disease is caused by organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium spp. The important species responsible for TB are M. bovis, M. tuberculosis and M. avium. Mycobacteria infect a broad range of species including humans, wild mammals and birds in captivity and free-living state. Diagnosis of mycobacterial infection is very important from the public health perspective, particularlyin captive animals. In the present study a total of 25 sloth bears kept in bear rescue center, Bannerghatta National Park, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India were screened for tuberculosis. The Bronchial wash, direct tracheal tube smear and fecal samples from all the sloth bears were subjected for Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Among these samples, only one fecal sample was found positive for M. tuberculosis. None of the bronchial wash samples were positive by culturing in Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media. Six samples yielded M. tuberculosis by culturing in Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 media. Three out of 25 bronchial wash samples were positive for M. tuberculosis by RT micro PCR. None of the blood samples of sloth bears were positive for M. tuberculosis species by PCR. This study demonstrated that culturing in MGIT960 media and RT micro PCR are the useful diagnostic tests for detection and identification M. tuberculosis in captive sloth bears. This study will be helpful for the screening of the tuberculosis in animals and prevent the spreading of the infection to other wild animals and humans visiting to the Biological National Park.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears in Karnataka

Nagaraj¹,

Bhat²,

Byregowda³

2021

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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“…Sloth bears ( Melursus ursinus ) are myrmecophagous bear species, listed as “vulnerable” (high risk of extinction due to human factors) in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list ( 9 ). TB has been reported in captive sloth bears, caused by M. bovis ( 10 ) as well as by M. tuberculosis ( 2 , 11 ). However, there are no detailed studies on molecular phylogenetic characterization and drug sensitivity of the pathogen causing TB in sloth bears.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, Characterization, and Drug Sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus): Unnatural Habitat With Human Environment May Predispose Sloth Bears to Tuberculosis

Marinaik

Sha²,

Manjunatha

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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We describe the isolation, molecular characterization, and drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered from lung tissues of four rescued captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) at Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP), Bangalore, India. These bears had lived most of their life with humans in circus companies. They were rescued and housed in the Bear Rescue Center (BRC) of BBP. Upon rescue, they showed signs of unthriftiness, chronic debility, and failed to respond to symptomatic treatments. Over the period of the next 12–14 months, the four sloth bears died and the post-mortem examination revealed nodular lesions in the lungs that showed the presence of acid-fast bacilli. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and nucleotide sequencing confirmed the bacilli as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histopathology of the lungs revealed characteristic granulomatous reaction with caseation. We determined the sensitivity of these isolates to rifampicin and isoniazid drugs by a WHO approved test, Line Probe Assay (LPA) using Genotype MTBDRplus VER 2.0. We discuss the role of unnatural habitat with the human environment in predisposing captive sloth bears for tuberculosis (TB). In the absence of any other reliable ante-mortem diagnostic test, this study recommends the use of LPA for early detection of TB in captive wild animals, which will help in taking necessary steps to prevent its further spread to animal caretakers and other susceptible animals in captivity.

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“…Sloth bear population in India has declined alarmingly due to habitat loss, poaching, the use of bear gall bladder in traditional medicine [33] and predation by tigers [6]. Infectious diseases such as leptospirosis and tuberculosis have also contributed to the decline of sloth bear population [38,39]. However, reporting of leptospirosis in sloth bears has been rare due to unavailability of penside diagnostics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multipronged approach for the detection of leptospirosis in captive sloth bears (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) in Agra and Bannerghatta sloth bear rescue centers in India

Karikalan

Thankappan

Deneke

et al. 2021

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Leptospirosis is an exacerbating factor responsible for the drastic decline of sloth bear population in India. In this study, a multipronged approach based on antigen detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) employing G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers, antibody detection using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) and recombinant LigBCon1-5 antigen based Latex Agglutination Test (rLigBCon1-5 LAT), serum biochemistry using hepatic (serum glutamate oxalo acetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine) and gross/histopathological evidence in liver and kidneys were employed to investigate leptospirosis in captive sloth bears. A total of 133 serum samples collected from Agra (n=113) and Bannerghatta (n=20) sloth bear rescue centers were screened using MAT and rLigBCon1-5 LAT. A total of 87 and 78 sera tested positive by MAT and LAT respectively. Pyrogenes was the leading serovar obtained using MAT followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Grippotyphosa, Canicola and Tarassovi. The relative sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of rLigBCon1-5 LAT in comparison to MAT were 89.66%, 100% and 93.23% respectively. PCR performed on hepatic and renal tissues showed amplicon of 285 and 219 base pairs for G1/G2 and LigBF/LigBR primers respectively. Gross evidence (icteric liver, severely engorged hepatic sinusoids, congested kidneys with necrotic white spots on sub capsular surface), histopathology (severe hepatic degeneration and tubulointerstitial nephritis) and elevated hepatic/renal biomarkers were suggestive of leptospirosis. This study suggests that rLigBCon1-5 LAT can be employed as a pen-side test for detecting leptospirosis in sloth bears.

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Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in Captive Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus) by Polymerase Chain reaction

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears in Karnataka

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears in Karnataka

Isolation, Characterization, and Drug Sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Captive Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus): Unnatural Habitat With Human Environment May Predispose Sloth Bears to Tuberculosis

A multipronged approach for the detection of leptospirosis in captive sloth bears (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>) in Agra and Bannerghatta sloth bear rescue centers in India

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