“…In recent years, ventricular assist devices (VAD, also called blood pumps) have gradually replaced heart transplantation as an effective treatment for heart failure (Bellumkonda and Bonde, 2012;Molina and Boyce, 2013;Magruder et al, 2016;Cui et al, 2018;Gaffey et al, 2018;Kawabori et al, 2018;Shahreyar et al, 2018). However, after the implantation of these VADs, adverse effects related to blood mechanical damage, such as bleeding and stroke and thromboembolic events, were often reported (Birschmann et al, 2014;Maltais et al, 2016;Netuka et al, 2016;Mehra et al, 2017;Shah et al, 2017).…”