Diagnosis of Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Tipold, Andrea

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01089.x

Cited by 188 publications

(185 citation statements)

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“…Sinais clínicos graves, muitas vezes incompatíveis com a vida do animal, podem ser determinados por diferentes etiologias. O vírus da cinomose canina (canine distemper virus -CDV) é um importante patógeno que determina altas taxas de mortalidade, com letalidade inferior apenas à raiva canina (Shell, 1990;Tipold, 1995;Appel, Summers, 1995;Stettler, Zubriggen, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Lesões histológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina

Gebara

Wosiacki

Negrão

et al. 2004

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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Lesões histológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina [Histopathological lesions RESUMODez amostras de urina de cães que apresentavam sinais clínicos sistêmicos e neurológicos indicativos da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) foram analisadas pela técnica da reação em cadeia pela polimerase precedida de transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para a detecção do RNA do CDV. O exame histopatológico foi realizado em fragmentos de cérebro, cerebelo e bexiga. Como controle negativo foram colhidos fragmentos de órgãos e urina de quatro cães sem sinais clínicos de doença infecciosa e que morreram por outras causas. Todos os cães (9/10) positivos em RT-PCR apresentaram alterações histológicas no cérebro e cerebelo, características de encefalite aguda (5/9) ou crônica (4/9) compatíveis com as causadas pelo CDV. Um dos cães com alterações clínicas neurológicas semelhantes às observadas em cinomose foi negativo na RT-PCR e apresentou alterações histopatológicas inespecíficas. Nas amostras de bexiga não foram observadas lesões histológicas. Todas as amostras biológicas provenientes dos cães-controle foram negativas na RT-PCR (urina) e não apresentaram alterações histológicas (fragmentos de órgãos). O trabalho evidenciou a especificidade da RT-PCR no diagnóstico precoce e ante mortem na infecção pelo CDV.Palavras-chave: cão, cinomose canina, vírus da cinomose canina, RT-PCR, histopatologia ABSTRACT The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) RNA in 10 urine samples from dogs that had died with clinical systemic and neurological signs indicative of CDV infection. Brain, cerebellum and urinary bladder fragments were collected for histopathological examination. For the negative control, urine and organ fragments were collected at necropsy from four dogs without clinical symptoms of infectious diseases that had died from other causes. The dogs positives in

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Lesões histológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina

Gebara

Wosiacki

Negrão

et al. 2004

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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“…3 In a study of 15 dogs with histologically confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis, only 1 CSF sample yielded a positive bacterial culture. 4 The main reason for negative culture results is probably because of a small number of bacteria in the CSF. 23 The positive culture results from the CNS in the described cases can be probably explained by the acute course of the disease (1-5 days), inadequate prereferral treatment, or both.…”

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“…2,3 In an extensive retrospective study on inflammatory and infectious diseases of the CNS in dogs, bacterial infections accounted for only 7% of dogs with meningoencephalitis. 4 Bacteria commonly associated with this disease in dogs and cats include Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Actinomyces spp., Nocardia spp., and various anaerobes. 3,5 To the authors' knowledge, only 2 single clinical reports have been made about streptococcal meningoencephalitis in dogs.…”

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Streptococcal Meningoencephalomyelitis in 3 Dogs

Cizinauskas

Tipold²,

Fatzer

et al. 2001

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A n 8-year-old male Boxer was examined because of a history of acute depression and abnormal posture. The patient was treated with dexamethasone and penicillin G and 1 day later a right-sided head tilt was noticed. The Boxer had a history of chronic interdigital dermatitis.Abnormalities detected in general clinical examination were dehydration (9%), pain around the right ear, and mild interdigital dermatitis. The dog was depressed and disoriented. Head tilt to the right and generalized vestibular ataxia was noticed with drifting and falling to the right side. Dog was paretic in all 4 limbs and proprioceptive positioning was decreased in the rear. All spinal reflexes and perception of noxious stimuli were normal. Spontaneous left horizontal jerk nystagmus and ventral strabismus on the right eye were observed. Menace reaction and palpebral reflex were markedly decreased on the right side. Noxious stimulation of nasal mucosa on the right side elicited almost no response. Neurologic examination primarily indicated involvement of the right brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle evidenced by the presence of a right-sided central vestibular syndrome and a right facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction (maxillary and possibly ophthalmic branches). Tetraparesis indicated involvement of both sides of the brainstem.No significant hematologic abnormalities were noted, except that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was markedly increased (12 mm/30 minutes, 37/60, 100/120; reference range (RR): 1/30, 2/60, 4/120). The most important serum biochemistry abnormality was severe hyperglobulinemia (58.7 g/L; RR: 31-35 g/L). No abnormalities were found either on otoscopic examination under general anesthesia or on radiographic evaluation of the tympanic bullae. The atlanto-occipital collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) yielded a gray-yellowish and somewhat thick fluid. The CSF showed marked pleocytosis (700 cells/mm 3 ; RR: Ͻ5 cells/ mm 3 ) and increased protein concentration (Pandy's reaction, ϩϩϩϩ positive; normal: negative). The predominant cell population was neutrophils (94%), which were moderately to severely degenerated, including many cells that displayed karyolysis and karyorrhexis. Bacterial cocci were frequently observed within neutrophils. Bacteriologic cul- From the Department of Clinical Studies, Section of Clinical AnimalNeurology (Cizinauskas, Fatzer, Jaggy) The dog was gradually rehydrated and treatment with metronidazole (20 mg/kg IV q12h) and cefazolin (20 mg/ kg IV q8h) as well as buprenorphin (0.01 mg/kg q6h) was initiated. Additional supportive therapy included oxygen administration, frequent patient turning, and regular bladder expression. The dog's clinical condition deteriorated rapidly within 24 hours, progressing to stupor. Bilateral ventral strabismus and absent menace reactions and palpebral reflexes suggested progression of the lesion in the brainstem. The owner elected to euthanize the dog.Splenomegaly was found on postmortem examination. On macroscopic examination, the brain and cervical spinal c...

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“…In addition, our dog exhibited myoclonus of the right pelvic limb. Myoclonus is frequently observed during distemper infection, although it has also been reported to occur with GME [19]. Myoclonus is assumed to develop due to abnormalities in the kinetic neurons of the spinal cord and the bulbar/spinal interneuron pools [11].…”

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Ocular Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis in a Dog: Magnetic Resonance Images and Clinical Findings

Kitagawa

Okada

Watari

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. A 4-year-old female miniature dachshund presented with a history of progressive decrease in vision, neck pain, and ataxia for which an MRI was performed 21 days after the initial consultation. The optic nerves showed isointensities on T1-(T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) images that were enhanced by the contrast medium. The optic chiasm was swollen. Other parts of the cerebral parenchyma, not only the visual pathway, showed symmetrical hyperintensities on T2W images. Cerebrospinal fluid showed increased anti-GFAP autoantibodies. The dog received corticosteroid therapy despite which she exhibited anorexia, vomiting, and lethargy. Hence, a follow-up MRI was repeated 30 days after the initial consultation in which T2W images showed enlargement of the hyperintense area. The dog died 45 days after the initial consultation. Postmortem pathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME). KEY WORDS: canine, MRI, ocular GME.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(2): 233-237, 2009 Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Depending on the mode of onset, it is classified into 3 forms: focal, disseminated, and ocular [9]. GME mainly develops in the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord, although it can also develop in the eyes [9]. The definitive diagnosis of GME is made by histopathological examination although several studies have revealed that imaging procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibody tests assist in the clinical diagnosis [12,13,21].Many studies have reported the MRI findings of focal and disseminated forms of GME with few studies presenting those of the ocular form. We report the clinical signs and MRI findings of ocular form GME that was pathologically diagnosed in a dog.A 4-year-old female miniature dachshund had a 2-month history of progressive decrease in vision leading to blindness. She developed neck pain and ataxia 1 month after the onset of her symptoms. When dexamethasone administration at a local clinic did not receive in alleviation of her symptoms, the dog was brought to Nihon University Animal Medical Center. On preliminary examination, bilateral pupillary dilatation was observed without ocular signs such as discharge or conjunctival hyperemia. Ocular tension was slightly increased in both eyes (L23, R24 mmHg; reference values 19.2-5.9 [8]). Fundus examination revealed an irregular left optic disc suggestive of papilledema. Ultrasonic imaging of the eyes revealed enlargement of the optic discs.Neurological examination revealed a decreased menace reaction, pupillary dilatation, and loss of the light reflex in both eyes. An MRI was planned, but it was delayed due to the owner's circumstances, and corticosteroid therapy was continued. Since the dog exhibited circling to the left, MRI and CSF collection were performed 21 days after the initial consultation. The left and right optic nerves showed isointensities...

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Diagnosis of Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Cited by 188 publications

References 25 publications

Lesões histológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina

Lesões histológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina

Streptococcal Meningoencephalomyelitis in 3 Dogs

Ocular Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis in a Dog: Magnetic Resonance Images and Clinical Findings

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