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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small and non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infected mucosal cells. This viral genome is composed of early and late genes. Late (L) encodes the L1 and L2 proteins. The structural protein L1 is located outside the virion. It contributes to the viral attachment mechanism; hence it becomes the target for multi-strain vaccine design. This review aims to discuss the potency of conserved L1 HPV region and the innovation of multi-strain vaccines for prevention strategies of HPV infection. Bioinformatics methods in vaccine design applied for identification of conserved sequences from databases, epitopes map, antigenicity test, prediction of similarity, and autoimmune level. The multi-strain vaccine innovation initiated in this review has more benefits compared to previous vaccines based on the level of vaccine coverage via conserved regions, potential of immune cell epitopes, antigenic properties, and possibility of autoimmune when produced. Therefore, the multi-strain HPV vaccines are predicted to be more effective than previous vaccines, including bivalent or quadrivalent. In conclusion, the strategy for expanding the prevention of HPV infection could be carried out by developing a new multi-strain-based vaccine by using conserved regions in L1 capsid from all virus strains to increase the protection.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small and non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infected mucosal cells. This viral genome is composed of early and late genes. Late (L) encodes the L1 and L2 proteins. The structural protein L1 is located outside the virion. It contributes to the viral attachment mechanism; hence it becomes the target for multi-strain vaccine design. This review aims to discuss the potency of conserved L1 HPV region and the innovation of multi-strain vaccines for prevention strategies of HPV infection. Bioinformatics methods in vaccine design applied for identification of conserved sequences from databases, epitopes map, antigenicity test, prediction of similarity, and autoimmune level. The multi-strain vaccine innovation initiated in this review has more benefits compared to previous vaccines based on the level of vaccine coverage via conserved regions, potential of immune cell epitopes, antigenic properties, and possibility of autoimmune when produced. Therefore, the multi-strain HPV vaccines are predicted to be more effective than previous vaccines, including bivalent or quadrivalent. In conclusion, the strategy for expanding the prevention of HPV infection could be carried out by developing a new multi-strain-based vaccine by using conserved regions in L1 capsid from all virus strains to increase the protection.
Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased during the last three decades. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether there is a link between viral infections and thyroid carcinogenesis. Human Papilloma viruses (HPV) are related to a variety of benign and malignant tumors. P57 is a member of the Cip/Kip family that binds and inhibits all cyclin/CDK complexes, resulting in cell-cycle arrest as well as cell growth. Objective: This retrospective study designed to investigate histopathological expression of thyroid cancer tissues in relation to the concordant HPV31/33 infection and p57 protein over-expressions. Patients and Methods: HPV31/33 DNA and P57-gene protein expression were evaluated in 116 thyroid tissues. The samples related to 36 patients with thyroid carcinoma, 40 thyroid adenoma, and 40 normal thyroid tissues. In situ hybridization (ISH) used to identify HPV31/33-DNA, whereas immunohistochemistry (IHC) used to assess P57-gene expression. Results: Regarding thyroid carcinoma group, HPV31/33DNA-ISH are responses observed in 77.8%, in 30 % of thyroid adenomas group, and in 22.5 %of normal thyroid tissues group. The difference between HPV31/33 in thyroid malignancies and the control group was statistically significant. The p57 protein detected in 75% thyroid cancer tissues and in 52.5 % adenoma thyroid tissues, whereas 35% of the investigated normal thyroid tissues showed IHC-reactions. The difference in the detected percentages of P57 protein was statistically significant in thyroid tissues between the study groupsin relations to the control group. Conclusions: The significant detection of HPV31/33 along with over-expressed P57-gene in thyroid cancer patients could support a possible role for both HPV 31/33 along with this p57 protein in thyroid pathogenesis and for carcinogenesis.
The lack of dedicated RV treatment makes early detection and effective vaccines important to prevent increased mortality and morbidity, as they can only be treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement. The study's goal was to assess the specificity and sensitivity of Reverse transcriptase PCR and Rapid immunochromatography techniques for Rotavirus detection. Between November 2020 and June 2021, 320 stool samples from children under the age of five were obtained at Babylon Teaching Hospital. Primary detection of Rotavirus contamination has executed the use of immunochromatography test (rapid test) LumiQuickAdeno-RotaVirus Antigen Comb takes a look at(Netherlands) and opposite transcriptase PCR in the detection of Rotavirus infection by means of using structural gene (vp4), the results discovered that Rotavirus became detected at a high rate in male stool samples (67.5%) rather than a girl (32.5%). December and Januarywere observed the biggest number of cases, with (46.6%) and (28.3%), respectively.The rural area had the highest rate of Rotavirus infection (56.6%), compared to (43.4%) in the urban area.The RT-PCR assay's excellent overall performance was also considered in its capability to identify Rotavirus RNA in 84 of 320 children's prevalence (26.25%).
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