Diagnosis of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis

Büscher, P.

doi:10.1007/0-306-46894-8_5

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thus, infection with other trypanosomes, e.g. T. vivax , may lead to a positive result in CATT/ T.evansi as was suggested in a study on bovine trypanosomosis in Suriname [ 47 , 60 , 94 ]. This cross-reactivity caused by T. vivax infection may explain why all CATT/ T.evansi positive cattle specimens remained negative in ITL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the considerable number of epidemiological studies carried out in Ethiopia on cattle and camel trypanosomosis in parts of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR), and in Oromiya and Amhara regions, information from Tigray and pastoral areas of Afar, belonging to the tsetse-free areas of Ethiopia, is scanty [ 38 - 45 ]. In addition, due to limited logistic resources and poor diagnostic facilities, the exact burden and socioeconomic impact of AAT is probably underestimated and information on prevailing trypanosome species and affected hosts remains inaccurate and fragmented [ 44 , 46 , 47 ]. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the distribution of T. evansi and T. vivax in selected districts of Tigray and in pastoral areas of Afar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diagnosis of AAT is often based on clinical suspicion. Parasite detection is cumbersome in many cases where only low numbers of trypanosomes circulate in the host body fluids [ 47 ]. Techniques for concentration of the trypanosomes by centrifugation of a blood specimen can be applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most antibody detection tests for T. vivax make use of more or less purified native antigens leaving room for non-specific reactions. In regions where T. vivax and T. brucei or T. evansi occur together in the same host species, it is almost impossible to identify the infecting trypanosome species at the level of circulating antibodies in the host [ 47 , 59 - 61 ]. Only recently, recombinant T. vivax specific antigens are being investigated for their diagnostic potential [ 62 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia

et al. 2015

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BackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. This study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (NTTAT) by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi and T. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of Northern Ethiopia, Afar and Tigray.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted on 754 dromedary camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses and 10 mules. The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used as parasitological test. Plasma was collected for serodiagnosis with CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) while buffy coat specimens were collected for molecular diagnosis with T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR.ResultsThe parasitological prevalence was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar and significantly higher (z = 2.53, p = 0.011) in cattle (7.3%) than in the other hosts. Seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar and was significantly higher (z = 9.39, p < 0.001) in cattle (37.3%) than in the other hosts. On the other hand, seroprevalence assessed by ITL was only 1.9% suggesting cross reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections. Molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in Tigray and in Afar and varied from 28.0% in horses to 2.2% in sheep. It was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) in camel (11.7%) than in cattle (6.1%), donkey (6%), goat (3.8%), and sheep (2.2%). Four camels were positive for T. evansi type B. Molecular prevalence of T. vivax was 3.0% and was similar in Tigray and Afar. It didn’t differ significantly among the host species except that it was not detected in horses and mules.ConclusionsNTTAT caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is an important threat to animal health in Tigray and Afar. For the first time, we confirm the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels. Unexplained results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines warrant particular efforts to isolate and characterise trypanosome strains that circulate in Northern Ethiopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia

et al. 2015

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“…), Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. rhodesiense) and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense). It is a vector-borne infection which is transmitted mainly by various species of the genus Glossina, also known as tsetse fly, but the possibility of mother to child and sexual transmission has been discussed as well (Büscher, 2002;Rocha et al, 2004). This tropical disease affects both humans and animals within the tsetse belt of Sub-Saharan Africa.…”

Section: Literature Review 21 Human African Trypanosomiasis (Hat)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Monitoring of Glossina Species Occurrence, Infection Rates, and Trypanosoma Species Infections in Pigs in West Nile Region, Uganda

Maxamhud

Lindahl

Mugenyi

et al. 2022

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by the Trypanosoma sub species (ssp.), T. brucei rhodesiense and T. brucei gambiense. It is exclusively associated with Glossina species (tsetse fly) habitats, and therefore restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. Animals, including pigs, have shown to be able to carry human-pathogenic T. brucei ssp. and are therefore important in disease transmission. Determining the Trypanosoma prevalence in pigs and tsetse flies in the Northwestern region of Uganda, a historical HAT hotspot, was suggested in consultation with Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU). Between February and June 2019, tsetse flies and pigs were sampled in six government intervention sites and six control sites in Arua and Maracha districts. Pigs were screened for infection with Trypanosoma and tsetse traps were deployed to monitor vector occurrence, followed by dissection and microscopy to establish infection rates with Trypanosoma spp. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from pig blood samples and blood meals of tsetse flies for further classification of Trypanosoma species using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to establish the host preference of the vectors.The results showed that 7/1262 (0.56 %) of the sampled pigs were Trypanosoma positive under the microscope, all of these were from the intervention villages. 223/341 (65.4%) of the PCR analyzed pig samples were positive, 60% from intervention sites and 40% from control sites, and all were T. vivax infections.There were 583 tsetse flies collected and 360 of them were dissected. Thirteen of the 360 dissected tsetse flies (3.8%) were shown to be positive for Trypanosoma under the microscope.In addition, 59 of the dissected flies (16.4%) had bloodmeals present. The difference in captured tsetse flies in the government intervention sites in comparison to the control sites was significant (p<0.05), with a tsetse fly density of 0.68 tsetse/trap/day in the intervention sites, and 1.24 tsetse/trap/day in control site. Seasonality did not play a substantial role in the tsetse fly density (p>0.05).This project illustrated that pigs can carry the causative agent for African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), Trypanosoma vivax, even though considered resistant to Trypanosoma vivax infection. The low vector abundance in a historical HAT hotspot in Uganda was also exemplified.

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A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria

Boushaki,

Adel,

Dia

et al. 2024

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Diagnosis of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia

Seasonal Monitoring of Glossina Species Occurrence, Infection Rates, and Trypanosoma Species Infections in Pigs in West Nile Region, Uganda

A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria

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