Diagnosis of endometritis and cystitis in sows: use of biomarkers

Grahofer, Alexander; Björkman, Stefan; Peltoniemi, Olli

doi:10.1093/jas/skaa144

Cited by 22 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Proteinuria, the presence of abnormal protein level in urine, is a consequence of either abnormal transglomerular passage of proteins, because of increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubuli [51], or the consequence of urea breakdown by bacteria in an alkaline environment (urine pH > 8). Grahofer et al (2020) in their recent report of biomarkers for diagnosis of cystitis in sows, identified and proposed the presence of proteinuria as one of the most reliable and sensitive urinalysis biomarkers, in comparison to the gold standard of histopathology. In human medicine, Carter et al (2006) [52] also reported an association between proteinuria and bacteriuria but the causative relationship remained undefined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kauffold et al (2010), using ultrasonography, reported that sows with UTI, defined on the basis of high bacterial count and macroscopic/biochemical urine abnormalities, were more likely to have high or moderate amounts of sediment in urine than those without UTI. Recently, Grahofer et al (2020), also concluded that evaluation of presence of sediment is useful to detect sows with cystitis and bacteriuria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportional odds assumption of ordered logistic regression models was tested using the oparallel post-estimation command [ 35 ]. Goodness of fit of the final model was tested with the ologitgof post-estimation command [ 36 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

et al. 2021

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Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows characterized by cystitis, which may progress to ureteritis and pyelonephritis, can affect their productivity, longevity and welfare. In this study, we determined the prevalence of UTI by histopathology and bacteriology. Furthermore, we investigated possible associations between histologically confirmed cystitis and the results of urinalysis and urine cultures in culled sows from three farrow-to-finish herds in Greece. Materials and methods One hundred eighty-five routinely culled sows were included in the study. Their urinary bladder was collected from abattoirs and subjected to histopathology. Furthermore, urinalysis and urine cultures were performed on urine samples aseptically collected from the bladders. Results Histologically confirmed cystitis was evident in 85/185 (45.94%) culled sows. Among those, 44 (51.76%) suffered from acute and 41 (48.24%) from chronic inflammation. The majority of positive urine cultures were due to colonization of the urinary tract with E.coli, which accounted for 55.81% of the total cases, followed by Staphylococcus spp. which accounted for 18.60% of detected infections. Evidence of cystitis was associated with bacteriuria and sows with bacteriuria were 2.30 (P = 0.03, 95% CI: 1.10–4.83) times more likely to have histologically confirmed cystitis compared to sows with negative urine cultures. Bacteriuria was associated with proteinuria (P < 0.01, OR = 9.72, 2.63–35.88), increased urine pH (P < 0.01, 3.40, 1.10–10.56) and presence of sediment (P < 0.01, 6.00, 1.50–23.76) in urine. Sows with proteinuria had 9.72 (P < 0.01, 2.63–35.88) times higher odds of bacteriuria than those without. Histologically defined cystitis was associated with proteinuria (P < 0.01, 2.03–13.20) and decreased urine pH (P < 0.01, 0.13–0.72). Sows with proteinuria were 5.18 (P < 0.01, 2.03–13.2) times more likely to have histological lesions consistent with cystitis, than those without. For one unit increase in pH, it was 3.20 (P = 0.006, 1.39–7.69) times less likely for a sow to have chronic or acute cystitis compared to absence of cystitis. Conclusion In the studied population, UTI affected almost one out of two culled sows. Bacteriuria, which was more common among sows with UTI than those without, was mainly ascribed to members of the intestinal and environmental bacteria. Proteinuria and the existence of urine sediment which were associated with UTI, could be used as proxy traits for UTI in live sows.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

et al. 2021

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show abstract

“…Kauffold et al, (2010) reported, using ultrasonography, that sows with UTI, de ned by high bacterial count and macroscopic/biochemical urine abnormalities, were more likely to have high or moderate amounts of sediment in urine than those without UTI. Recently, Grahofer et al (2020), also concluded that evaluation of presence of sediment is useful to detect sows with cystitis and bacteriuria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

Cernat

Skampardonis

Papadopoulos

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) of sows which include cystitis, which may progress to ureteritis and pyelonephritis affect their productivity, longevity and welfare. In this study we determined the prevalence of UTI by histopathology and bacteriology and investigated possible associations between histologically confirmed cystitis and the results of urinalysis and urine cultures in culled sows from three Greek farrow-to-finish herds. Materials and methods Routinely culled sows were included in the study. Their urinary bladders were collected from abattoirs and examined histopathologically. Furthermore, urinalysis and urine cultures were performed on urine samples aseptically collected from the bladders. Results Histologically confirmed cystitis was evident in 85/185 (45.94%) culled sows. Among those, 44 (51.76%) suffered from acute and 41 (48.24%) from chronic inflammation. The majority of the positive urine cultures were due to colonization of the urinary tract with E.coli, which was responsible for 55.81% of the total cases, followed by Staphylococcus spp. which caused 18.60% of the infections detected. Evidence of cystitis was associated with bacteriuria and sows with bacteriuria were 2.30 (p = 0.03, 95% CI: 1.10–4.83) times more likely to have histologically confirmed cystitis compared to sows with negative urine cultures. Bacteriuria was associated with proteinuria (p < 0.01), urine pH (p < 0.01) and presence of sediment (p < 0.01) in urine. Sows with proteinuria had 9.72 (2.63–35.88) times higher odds of bacteriuria than those without. Histologically defined cystitis was associated with proteinuria (p < 0.01) and increased urine pH (p < 0.01). Sows with proteinuria were 5.18 times (2.03–13.2) more likely to have histological lesions consistent with cystitis, than those without. Conclusions In the studied herds, UTI affected almost one out of two culled sows. Bacteriuria, which was more common among sows with UTI than those without, was mainly ascribed to members of the intestinal and environmental microbiota. Proteinuria and the existence of urine sediment which were associated with UTI may be proposed as likely on-farm predictors of UTI in live sows.

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“…Several studies have reported that post-partum vaginal discharge occurred frequently in healthy and diseased animals [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], with the highest incidence between day 2 and 4 post-partum. Physiological vaginal discharge, which is watery or slightly cloudy, can be observed immediately after parturition [14][15][16][17]. An increased volume of vaginal discharge in sows is associated with endometritis, but there is no association between the occurrence of endometritis and the colour of the vaginal discharge [14,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of different point-of-care tests to characterize the vaginal discharge of sows after parturition and parameters’ correlation with subsequent reproductive performance

Grahofer

Mader

2021

Porc Health Manag

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The lochia is the physiological uterine discharge post-partum, whereas abnormal fluids are often indicators of puerperal disorders in sows, which negatively influence the further reproductive performance. The aim of the study was to characterize the vaginal discharge in sows employing simple and feasible tests and to correlate the evaluated parameters with the subsequent reproductive performance of these sows. The birth process of 48 clinically healthy free farrowing sows was monitored and several parameters characterizing the vaginal discharge such as total amount, colour, amount of cells (somatic cell count) and cell characteristics (cytology) were collected daily from first to fifth day after parturition. Finally, the reproductive performance of the following gestation was evaluated and compared to the characteristics of the lochia. The amount of vaginal discharge was significantly increased on the second (p < 0.01), third (p = 0.019) and fourth (p = 0.011) day post-partum compared to day one. Furthermore, a decrease in the percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes from day one to three (p = 0.038), four (p = 0.038) and five (p = 0.048) post-partum was observed. The percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes in the yellowish vaginal discharge was increased compared to whitish (p = 0.02) or clear (p = 0.027) vaginal discharge. In addition, obstetrics (p = 0.003) and an increased farrowing duration (p = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of vaginal discharge. Sows with a high amount of vaginal discharge had a significant higher body temperature than sows with no (p = 0.014) or low amount (p < 0.01) of vaginal discharge. No correlation was detected between the evaluated parameters of the lochia and the subsequent reproductive performance. It is hypothesised that the amount of vaginal discharge alone is not a predictor for the performance of sows during their next gestation. However, it might serve as indicator for acute endometritis. In summary, the different parameters of the vaginal discharge determined by means of point-of-care tests might be useful to strengthen a presumptive diagnose of endometritis in sows during the first five days after parturition.

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Diagnosis of endometritis and cystitis in sows: use of biomarkers

Cited by 22 publications

References 46 publications

Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

Urinary tract infections in culled sows from Greek herds: prevalence and associations between findings of histopathology, bacteriology and urinalysis

Evaluation of different point-of-care tests to characterize the vaginal discharge of sows after parturition and parameters’ correlation with subsequent reproductive performance

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