Diagnosis of aphasia in stroke populations: A systematic review of language tests

Rohde, Alexia; Worrall, Linda; Godecke, Erin; O’Halloran, Robyn; Farrell, Ann; Massey, Margaret

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194143

Cited by 79 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test (Brisbane EBLT) (brisbanetest.org) is a new adult language test [5]. The test is intended to provide an evidence-based, psychometrically robust alternative to informal or non-diagnostically validated language measures used in stroke care [6,7] and comprehensive formalised tests which are reported to be too lengthy for use in some clinical contexts (e.g., acute hospital ward). The Brisbane EBLT aims to provide a comprehensive, yet user-friendly and efficient new measure to assist in the identification of language deficits within a range of clinical contexts, including the hospital bedside [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability and internal consistency of the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test

Rohde

McCracken

Worrall

et al. 2020

Disability and Rehabilitation

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Purpose: To examine the inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability, internal consistency and practice effects associated with a new test, the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test. Methods: Reliability estimates were obtained in a repeated-measures design through analysis of clinician video ratings of stroke participants completing the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test. Inter-rater reliability was determined by comparing 15 independent clinicians' scores of 15 randomly selected videos. Intra-rater reliability was determined by comparing two clinicians' scores of 35 videos when re-scored after a two-week interval. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis demonstrated almost perfect inter-rater reliability (0.995; 95% confidence interval: 0.990-0.998), intra-rater reliability (0.994; 95% confidence interval: 0.989-0.997) and internal consistency (Cronbach's a ¼ 0.940 (95% confidence interval: 0.920-1.0)). Almost perfect correlations (0.998; 95% confidence interval: 0.995-0.999) between face-to-face and video ratings were obtained. Conclusion: The Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test demonstrates almost perfect inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability and internal consistency. High correlation coefficients and narrow confidence intervals demonstrated minimal practice effects with scoring or influence of years of clinical experience on test scores. Almost perfect correlations between face-to-face and video scoring methods indicate these reliability estimates have direct application to everyday practice. The test is available from brisbanetest.org. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test is a new measure for the assessment of acquired language disorders. The Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test demonstrated almost perfect inter-rater reliability, intrarater reliability and internal consistency. High reliability estimates and narrow confidence intervals indicated that test ratings vary minimally when administered by clinicians of different experience levels, or different levels of familiarity with the new measure. The test is a reliable measure of language performance for use in clinical practice and research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability and internal consistency of the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test

Rohde

McCracken

Worrall

et al. 2020

Disability and Rehabilitation

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“…The analysis set out to study post-stroke aphasia in the broadest sense. Speech pathology tests still lack standardization and diagnostic data for identifying aphasia in stroke populations [26]. Different diagnostic approaches to aphasia were therefore not distinguished.All studies including some overall aphasia diagnosis were deemed relevant.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sex differences in post-stroke aphasia rates are caused by age. A meta-analysis and database query

Wallentin

2018

Preprint

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Background: Studies have suggested that aphasia rates are different in men and women following stroke. One hypothesis says that men have more lateralized language function than women. Given unilateral stroke, this would lead to a prediction of men having higher aphasia rates than women. Another line of observations suggest that women are more severely affected by stroke, which could lead to a higher aphasia rate among women. An additional potential confounding variable could be age, given that women are typically older at the time of stroke. Methods & Procedures:This study consists of two parts. First, a meta-analysis of the available reports of aphasia rates in the two sexes was conducted. A comprehensive literature search yielded 25 studies with sufficient information about both aphasia and gender. These studies included a total of 48,362 stroke patients for which aphasia rates were calculated.Second, data were extracted from an American health database (with 1,967,038 stroke patients), in order to include age and stroke severity into a regression analysis of sex differences in aphasia rates.Outcomes & Results: Both analyses revealed significantly larger aphasia rates in women than in men (1.1-1.14 ratio). This speaks against the idea that men should be more lateralized in their language function. When age and stroke severity were included as covariates, sex failed to explain any aphasia rate sex difference above and beyond that which is explained by age differences at time of stroke.A stroke is a medical condition in which blood flow to the brain is restricted, due to occlusion (ischemic stroke) or hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke), resulting in cell death (WHO). In the US alone, approximately 800,000 people experience a stroke every year, according to the American Heart Association [1]. Stroke is the leading cause of motor and cognitive disability in western countries and aphasia, the inability to comprehend and formulate language because of brain damage, is one of the most common deficits after stroke. A large variability in the reported frequency of aphasia can be found in the literature [e.g. 2, 3-5], ranging from 15 % to 68 % of acute patients. A recent meta-analysis, however, concluded that aphasia is present in approximately 30 % of acute patients and 34 % in rehabilitation settings [6]. Variability of measured rate of aphasia has many causes. The method for aphasia identification differs between hospitals and countries and some sub-scores for aphasia in stroke scales have been found to be limited in their accuracy and reliability [7,8]. Another potential source of variance may be sex. The above-mentioned meta-analysis did not take potential sex differences into account.Stroke has been noted to affect the sexes differently. Stroke has been reported to be more common among men [9]. The symptoms of stroke have also been found to differ somewhat between men and women. Women are often more severely affected overall, more often experience paralysis, impaired consciousness and altered mental status together wit...

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“…Ribot in 1881 (Pearce, 1885) spawned the law of regression which says the first language of an aphasic patient tends to improve better than their second or third language in polyglot aphasia. Some cases were indeed found to be reinforcing Ribot's idea, but there are also many cases that do not prove it (Albert & Obler, 1978in Rohde, 2018. For example, Pitres (1895, cited in Pearce, 2005 found that the order of acquisition has nothing to do with which language recovers better.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery patterns and a linguistic therapy model of Sundanese-Indonesian bilingual aphasia: A neurolinguistic study

Nasrullah

Suganda

Wagiati

et al. 2019

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist.

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This study observed a 54-year-old patient with Sundanese-Indonesian bilingual aphasia at the National Brain Center Hospital, Jakarta. He underwent a speech therapy with the treatment given to his second language (Indonesian) during the first two weeks of post-onset and received treatment to his both languages simultaneously for one and a half months post-onset. This research was conducted by using two approaches, namely, a theoretical approach and a methodological approach. In terms of the theory, the approach used in this study is neurolinguistic. In terms of the methodology, the approach is analytic-descriptive with a cohort method. The patient had been diagnosed with having expressive-receptive aphasia in his both languages. Three-time evaluations of his competence in his two languages (during one and a half months post-onset) showed an interesting recovery pattern. In the first evaluation result (two weeks post-onset), it was found that the patient showed a nonparallel recovery; Indonesian (the second language) recovered earlier than Sundanese (the first language). However, in the second evaluation result (a month post-onset), it was found that the improvement in proficiency of the languages showed a parallel recovery; the proficiency improvement of Indonesian after having been given treatment in the therapy showed a recovery parallel to that of Sundanese, even though Sundanese had not been given any treatment at all for a month post-onset. The linguistic track record of this patient showed that Indonesian had a higher level of familiarity compared to Sundanese, and this is correlated with the recovery process of both the languages

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Diagnosis of aphasia in stroke populations: A systematic review of language tests

Cited by 79 publications

References 59 publications

Inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability and internal consistency of the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test

Inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability and internal consistency of the Brisbane Evidence-Based Language Test

Sex differences in post-stroke aphasia rates are caused by age. A meta-analysis and database query

Recovery patterns and a linguistic therapy model of Sundanese-Indonesian bilingual aphasia: A neurolinguistic study

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