2023
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020218
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis

Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis (CM) and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are systemic mycoses that are highly endemic in Latin America and have recently been included on the World Health Organization (WHO) Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are recognized as etiological agents of CM, with peculiarities in their geographic distribution. The genus Paracoccidioides now includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which encompasses four phylogenetic s… Show more

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Cited by 12 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…Definitive diagnostic testing may be performed with histopathology of biopsy specimens, revealing granulomatous inflammation and spherules of endospores upon cytological staining. 7,8 Finally, fungal culture from patient respiratory samples may be used for definitive diagnosis, since Coccidioides spp. are not part of the normal human microbiota.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Definitive diagnostic testing may be performed with histopathology of biopsy specimens, revealing granulomatous inflammation and spherules of endospores upon cytological staining. 7,8 Finally, fungal culture from patient respiratory samples may be used for definitive diagnosis, since Coccidioides spp. are not part of the normal human microbiota.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Immunodiffusion testing is typically performed after an initial positive EIA test to quantify coccidioidal antibody concentration and support the diagnosis. Definitive diagnostic testing may be performed with histopathology of biopsy specimens, revealing granulomatous inflammation and spherules of endospores upon cytological staining 7,8 . Finally, fungal culture from patient respiratory samples may be used for definitive diagnosis, since Coccidioides spp.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Archeologists and construction workers are at risk of severe pulmonary disease from large conidial inhalation [48]. Patterns of pulmonary disease include focal infiltrates with or without mediastinal adenopathy, disseminated pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pleural effusions, empyema, residual nodules and cavities [47 ▪ ,48]. Accordingly, clinical outcomes vary from spontaneous resolution in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases to significant morbidity and mortality in severe cases.…”
Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The clinical spectrum of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis ranges from asymptomatic infection and a mild flu-like illness to severe respiratory infection; the former presentation is most common, seen in approximately 60–75% of patients [47 ▪ ,48]. Hosts at risk of severe disease and secondary dissemination include people 65 years and older, pregnant women, persons of specific ethnic backgrounds (Filipino, Native American), solid organ transplant recipients, people living with HIV and patients on immunomodulators (steroids, TNF-α inhibitors) [47 ▪ ,48]. Archeologists and construction workers are at risk of severe pulmonary disease from large conidial inhalation [48].…”
Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning
confidence: 99%