Diagnosis and Treatment of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Abstract

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), the infection and inflammation of the female upper genital tract, is a common cause of infertility, chronic pain and ectopic pregnancy. Diagnosis and management are challenging, largely resulting from varying signs and symptoms and a polymicrobial etiology that is not fully delineated. Owing to the potential for serious sequelae, a low threshold for diagnosis and treatment is recommended. As PID has a multimicrobial etiology, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydial trachomatis and anaerobic and mycoplasmal bacteria, treatment of PID should consist of a broad spectrum antiobiotic regimen. Recent treatment trials have focused on shorter duration regimens, such as azithromycin, and monotherapies including ofloxacin, but data are sparse. Research comparing sequelae development by differing antimicrobial regimens is extremely limited, but will ultimately shape future treatment guidelines.

Mycoplasmateceae species are not found in fallopian tubes of women with tubo-peritoneal infertility

“…Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of the most important pathological conditions that cause permanent damage and adhesions affecting the fallopian tubes. [1][2][3][4] there is also sufficient evidence that most women suffering from tubal infertility have no prior history of symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease, and that lower genital tract infections are related to infertility. 12 for several years it has been proposed that Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were the most important pathogens with potential ability for inducing irreversible damage in the fallopian tube mucosa.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Neisseria gonorrhoeae (nG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (ct) are bacteria that have been clearly identified as etiologic agents of pelvic inflammation causing infertility. 4 nevertheless, in recent years, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, two genera belonging to the family mycoplasmateceae, order Mycoplasmatales, class Mollicutes, have been proposed as causatives of genitourinary disease in both men and women.…”

The choice of medication for treatment of patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases

“…Частота хронизации ВЗОМТ со-ставляет около 60%. Каждая пятая из этой кате-гории женщин в будущем является кандидатом для оперативного лечения по поводу гнойных тубоовариальных опухолей [5,7]. Поэтому ин-фекционный фактор приобретает особое зна-чение, определяя политопность локализации и выраженность деструктивных процессов в тканях.…”

“…Выявленная клиническая картина была связана с характерными для хламидийной инфекции патогенетическими особенно-стями, обусловленными тропностью к цилиндрическому эпителию, способностью стимулировать пролиферацию соединительной ткани, а также нарушениями микроцир-куляции в очаге воспаления. Эти изменения могли быть вызваны оксидативным стрессом и эндотелиальной дис-функцией, ассоциированными с наличием хламидийной инфекции [1,5,8].…”

Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual en Semen: El Hombre como Vector de Transmisión

“…En la mujer la infección es más frecuente que en el hombre y al igual que la C. trachomatis, generalmente asintomática (Gdoura et al). La incidencia de U. urealitycum, M. genitalium y M. hominis se asocia a trastornos como el aborto involuntario recurrente a infertilidad, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, orquitis, epididimitis, prostatitis, y prostatitis uretritis no gonocócica (Check, 2010;Haggerty & Ness, 2008).…”