Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Infections

Álvarez-Argüelles, Marta Elena; Alba, Susana; Pérez, Manuel Alonso; Riveiro, José Antonio Boga; García, Santiago M. López

doi:10.5772/intechopen.86957

Cited by 10 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…In the literature, several research articles and review articles that address the main methods of virus diagnosis can be found for Influenza [59], Ebola [7,11], Hepatitis B [33], Dengue [5,60], Zika [16,37,49], Chikungunya [1,32], among others. In view of the large number of existing viruses, here we will focus on the arboviruses Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya, since they are viruses that cause very similar symptoms and coexist in the same geographic regions.…”

Section: Who Methods For Detecting Dengue Zika and Chikungunyamentioning

confidence: 99%

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for virus identification: A powerful alternative

Santos

Morais

Lima

2021

BSI

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In pandemic times, like the one we are witnessing for COVID-19, the discussion about new efficient and rapid techniques for diagnosis of diseases is more evident. In this mini-review, we present to the virological scientific community the potential of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a diagnosis technique. Herein, we explain the operation of this technique, as well as its advantages over standard methods. In addition, we also present the multivariate analysis tools that can be used to extract useful information from the data towards classification purposes. Tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Linear and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (LDA and QDA) are covered, including examples of published studies. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy are emphasized, as well as future prospects in this field of study that is only growing. One of the main aims of this paper is to encourage the scientific community to explore the potential of this spectroscopic tool to detect changes in biological samples such as those caused by the presence of viruses.

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Section: Who Methods For Detecting Dengue Zika and Chikungunyamentioning

confidence: 99%

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for virus identification: A powerful alternative

Santos

Morais

Lima

2021

BSI

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“…Virus is detectable in the patient’s serum or plasma samples in high titers between 2 and 6 days following onset of illness. However, the viral load starts decreasing from day five after the onset of illness ( Álvarez-Argüelles et al, 2019 ). Therefore, the usefulness of the test for diagnostic purpose is only limited to the acute phase of the infection.…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the later stages of CHIKV infection (>5 days post-infection), the CHIKV IgM antibody capture ELISA is a dependable testing method for diagnosis ( Álvarez-Argüelles et al, 2019 ). CHIKV specific IgG antibody ELISA can be used for sero-diagnosis by testing in a paired serum samples from the acute and convalescent phase of CHIKV infection; four-fold or more increase in the antibody titer should confirm the presence of recent CHIKV infection ( Weaver and Lecuit, 2015 ).…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Chikungunya in India

Sunil¹

2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2–6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.

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“…The pre-acute phase or the incubation period of CHIKD ranges from 2 to 12 days (13,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38). As an infected mosquito takes a blood meal, it deposits the virus into the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin (39).…”

Section: Acute Phase Early Events Leading To the Establishment Of Chimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hallmarks of the acute phase are peak viremia, manifestation of clinical symptoms, and production of neutralizing antibodies (58)(59)(60). The acute phase of CHIKD typically lasts for 7-14 days (37,61,62). In both humans and murine models, the general observation is that CHIKV-induced immunopathology is considered the primary mediator of damage and persistent pain.…”

Section: Establishment Of the Acute Phase Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Resolution in Chikungunya—What Decides the Outcome?

et al. 2020

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Chikungunya disease (CHIKD) is a viral infection caused by an alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and triggers large outbreaks leading to epidemics. Despite the low mortality rate, it is a major public health concern owing to high morbidity in affected individuals. The complete spectrum of this disease can be divided into four phases based on its clinical presentation and immunopathology. When a susceptible individual is bitten by an infected mosquito, the bite triggers inflammatory responses attracting neutrophils and initiating a cascade of events, resulting in the entry of the virus into permissive cells. This phase is termed the pre-acute or the intrinsic incubation phase. The virus utilizes the cellular components of the innate immune system to enter into circulation and reach primary sites of infection such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Also, at this point, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present the viral antigens to the T cells thereby activating and initiating adaptive immune responses. This phase is marked by the exhibition of clinical symptoms such as fever, rashes, arthralgia, and myalgia and is termed the acute phase of the disease. Viremia reaches its peak during this phase, thereby enhancing the antigen-specific host immune response. Simultaneously, T cell-mediated activation of B cells leads to the formation of CHIKV specific antibodies. Increase in titres of neutralizing IgG/IgM antibodies results in the clearance of virus from the bloodstream and marks the initiation of the post-acute phase. Immune responses mounted during this phase of the infection determine the degree of disease progression or its resolution. Some patients may progress to a chronic arthritic phase of the disease that may last from a few months to several years, owing to a compromised disease resolution. The present review discusses the immunopathology of CHIKD and the factors that dictate disease progression and its resolution.

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Diagnosis and Molecular Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Infections

Cited by 10 publications

References 114 publications

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for virus identification: A powerful alternative

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for virus identification: A powerful alternative

Current Status of Chikungunya in India

Disease Resolution in Chikungunya—What Decides the Outcome?

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