Diagnosis and Management of Virus and Virus like Diseases of Citrus

Roistacher, C. N.

doi:10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_2

Cited by 20 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The use of dodder and budding, or other grafting procedures, as transmission ways is common [ 16 , 41 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. The aim of our assays was to qualitatively evaluate the transmission, following international standard procedures to design the experiments [ 42 , 43 ], where the use of less than ten replicates is widely accepted. In our experiment with dodder, CaLsol was transmitted from infected carrots to citrus, rose periwinkle and carrots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ Is Unlikely to Be Transmitted Spontaneously from Infected Carrot Plants to Citrus Plants by Trioza Erytreae

Chaves

Teresani

Hernández‐Suárez

et al. 2020

Insects

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Bacteria belonging to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ are associated with various severe diseases in the five continents. The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is an efficient vector of citrus huanglongbing-HLB disease, absent in the Mediterranean basin. This psyllid is currently present in the islands and mainland Portugal and Spain, where the prevalence of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CaLsol) associated to a carrot disease is high. Trioza erytreae normally feeds on citrus plants but has also been observed on other crops. It would be a great concern to the Mediterranean citrus industry if T. erytreae could transmit this bacterium from carrots to citrus and cause disease; therefore, the transmission of CaLsol from carrot plants to citrus plants was experimentally assessed. Although CaLsol was initially detected on receptor citrus plants in transmission assays by dodder and budding, the infection was not established. The feeding behavior by electrical penetration graphs and oviposition of T. erytreae on carrot plants versus citrus plants was evaluated. Trioza erytreae only reached the phloem in citrus plants. However, it was able to acquire CaLsol from infected carrots but unable to transmit it to citrus plants. CaLsol was detected in some carrot plants immediately after 7 and 14 days (inoculation access period), but it was not detected after one month. Trioza erytreae was unable to complete its life cycle on carrot plants. In conclusion, the efficient vector of bacteria associated to huanglongbing was unable to transmit CaLsol from carrot to citrus plants, but it acquired and transmitted the bacterium from carrot to carrot plants with low efficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Budding assays were made according to standard procedures [ 42 , 43 ]. Two buds per plant in five replicates of each species were used (total 10 replicates).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ Is Unlikely to Be Transmitted Spontaneously from Infected Carrot Plants to Citrus Plants by Trioza Erytreae

Chaves

Teresani

Hernández‐Suárez

et al. 2020

Insects

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“…Interestingly, this virus was neither associated with symptoms in the inoculated indicator plants nor with CG symptoms in the field, thus supporting that CiVA and CCGaV differ from a biological point of view. However, due to the limited extension of the survey, the possible association of CiVA with symptoms and, in particular, its relationship with some ancient citrus diseases of unknown origin, such as cristacortis and impietratura ( Roistacher, 1991 ; Moreno et al, 2015 ), demand additional efforts and investigations. The available molecular tools, including the RT-PCR detection method reported in this study, may provide an answer to long-standing questions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Negative-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting Citrus Trees: The Second Member of a New Genus Within the Order Bunyavirales

et al. 2018

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A new RNA virus has been identified from a sweet orange tree in southern Italy. This virus, tentatively named citrus virus A (CiVA), has a bipartite genome composed of (i) a negative-stranded (ns) RNA1, encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and (ii) an ambisense RNA2, coding for the putative movement protein (MP) and nucleocapsid protein (NP), with the two open reading frames separated by a long AU-rich intergenic region (IR) adopting a hairpin conformation. CiVA genomic RNAs and the encoded proteins resemble those of the recently discovered citrus concave gum-associated virus (CCGaV). This CCGaV, a nsRNA virus associated with the ancient citrus concave gum disease, has been proposed as the representative member of a new genus tentatively named Coguvirus. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses presented here support the classification of CiVA, and likely of other two recently described nsRNA viruses infecting plants, in this new genus. By showing that the evolutionary origin of the MP of all the putative coguviruses likely differs from that of their respective RdRp and NP, this study also provides evidence of a likely modular genome evolution for these viruses. Moreover, phylogenetic data support the proposal that, during the evolutionary history of nsRNA viruses, the plant-infecting viruses most likely emerged from an invertebrate-infecting ancestor several times as independent events. CiVA was identified in a field sweet orange tree not showing any obvious symptom and was graft-transmitted to sweet orange, grapefruit, rough lemon and Dweet tangor indicator plants that did not developed symptoms. The capacity of infecting citrus hosts of several species was also confirmed by a preliminary survey that identified orange, mandarin, clementine and lemon trees as natural hosts of CiVA in several fields of southern Italy, again without any obvious association with specific symptoms.

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“…Although nucellar seedlings of citrus are both clonal and virus-free, the seedlings are juvenile and take many years to flower. In the case of thermotherapy, many viruses and viroids, such as exocortis viroid and stubborn virus, are difficult to clean up with this process (Roistacher, 2004). Thermotherapy has failed to eliminate citrus exocortis viroid, yellow vein virus (YVV), cachexia virus and Dweet mottle virus (Calavan et al, 1972;Roistacher and Calavan, 1972).…”

Section: Virus and Viroid Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micrografting for fruit crop improvement

Hussain¹,

Wani²,

Mir³

et al. 2014

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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Micrografting is an in vitro grafting technique which involves the placement of a meristem or shoot tip explant onto a decapitated rootstock that has been grown aseptically from seed or micropropagated cultures. Following early experiments of micrografting in ivy and chrysanthemum, the technique has been used in woody species, especially fruit trees. Major work was carried out in different Citrus species for the elimination of various viral diseases. In vitro micrografting has been used for improvement and multiplication of fruit trees as the technique has potential to combine the advantages of rapid in vitro multiplication with the increased productivity that results from grafting superior rootstock and scion combinations. Successful micrografting protocols have been developed for various fruit crops including almond, apple, cherry, chestnut, Citrus, grapes, mulberry, olive, peach, pear, pistacio, walnut, etc. Special techniques have been used for increasing the percentage of successful micrografts with the use of growth regulators, etiolation treatments, antioxidants, higher sucrose levels, silicon tubes, etc. The technique has great potential for improvement and large scale multiplication of fruit plants. It has been used on commercial scale for production of virus-free plants in fruit crops and viroid free plants in Citrus. Micrografting has also been used in prediction of incompatibility between the grafting partners, histological studies, disease indexing, production of disease-free plants particularly resistant to soil borne pathogens and multiplication of difficult to root plants.

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Diagnosis and Management of Virus and Virus like Diseases of Citrus

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ Is Unlikely to Be Transmitted Spontaneously from Infected Carrot Plants to Citrus Plants by Trioza Erytreae

‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ Is Unlikely to Be Transmitted Spontaneously from Infected Carrot Plants to Citrus Plants by Trioza Erytreae

A Negative-Stranded RNA Virus Infecting Citrus Trees: The Second Member of a New Genus Within the Order Bunyavirales

Micrografting for fruit crop improvement

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