Diagnosis and management of paediatric Clostridioides difficile infection in a tertiary centre: A prospective audit

Abstract

Aim The optimisation of diagnosis and management of paediatric Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) has importance on multiple levels, from individual patient to population disease management and infection control. This study aimed to evaluate current practice at a paediatric tertiary hospital against Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases 2016 guidelines. Methods Prospective audit was undertaken. All positive C. difficile tests (by two step immunoassay then polymerase chain reaction) over 6 month period were reviewed for appropriateness of testing, including review of clinical characteristics and treatment of appropriately requested positive tests (CDI cases). Consecutive test requests for C. difficile over 2 month period were reviewed for appropriateness of testing. Results Of 70 consecutive test requests, 64 met laboratory criteria for processing. Of these, 31 (48%) out of 64 were asymptomatic or had clinically insignificant or laxative‐associated diarrhoea. Overall, 44 (63%) out of 70 were deemed inappropriate requests. Of 45 positive tests, 17 (38%) were appropriately requested. Amongst inappropriate requests, 13 (46%) out of 28 were treated; those aged >2 years were significantly more likely to be treated (P < 0.05). Thirteen children were treated unnecessarily. Only one out of seven positive tests in infants (<1 year) was appropriately requested. Haematology/oncology patients accounted for 41% of cases. Treatment was in accordance with guidelines in 58% of cases. Conclusions Inappropriate testing for C. difficile and variable clinical response to positive tests have sequelae including unnecessary antibiotics for hospitalised children. Areas for improvement have been identified and this study confirms the need for establishment of national paediatric CDI guidelines with increased awareness of these by clinicians.

Recent advances in Clostridioides difficile infection epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment in children

“…The potential impact of such misdiagnoses is significant, including unnecessary antibiotic exposure and the many downstream consequences (e.g. increased cost of care, increased rate of adverse drug events, dysbiosis), delays in reaching the appropriate diagnosis and treatment, and inaccurate CDI surveillance data [33].…”