Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis B and C

Pardee, Michelle

doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.004

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…25 Acute HBV infection can progress to chronic hepatitis B in just 5% of adult patients, while the proportion in children is very different because more than 90% of exposed neonates and 30 to 50% of children aged 1 to 5 years fail to clear HBV. [8][9][10] It shows that adults have the highest rates of new infections and acute disease, but chronic infection is more likely to occur in infants or young children. It is due to their immune immaturity and unstable flora of the intestines.…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Adult infections have a relatively low chronicity rate (around 5%); typically, neonatal infections have a high persistence rate. [8][9][10] Chronic infections are often asymptomatic, but carriers of HBV are at risk of developing lifethreatening cirrhosis and later on hepatic carcinoma. 11 Standard treatment regimens with pegylated interferon (IFN)-α and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs are used to treat chronic hepatitis B, but unfortunately, it neglects the role of gut microbiota (GM) balance in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus-infected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review

Kassa¹,

Million²,

Gedefie³

et al. 2021

IDR

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Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a source of substantial global health problems, particularly in economically underdeveloped and/or developing countries. It is the primary cause of severe liver disorders such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is connected by the bile duct to the small intestine that carries bile produced in the liver to the intestine. The liver is the initial organ exposed to materials originating from the gut including dietary compounds, bacteria, and their products. Human intestines harbor a wide diversity of the community of microbes which are collectively termed as gut microbiota. In chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus, microbial alteration of the gut is a source of systemic immune activation. Besides, gut permeability is altered in hepatitis B virus-infected patients with an increased bacterial translocation and endotoxin load in the portal vein that caused toll-like receptor activation in the liver, which facilitates immune-mediated liver injury. Toll-like receptors further triggered the host-wide inflammatory response by inducing signaling cascades such as nuclear factor-kappa B-linked pathways and by accelerating cytokine secretion like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which evokes chronic inflammation and leads to liver lesion formation, fibrosis progression, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development. In conclusion, changes in intestinal flora play an important role in encouraging the production of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the maintenance of intestinal microecology of patients which can provide a sound foundation for the treatment of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus.

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Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review

Kassa¹,

Million²,

Gedefie³

et al. 2021

IDR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hepatitis B and C infections are a major health concern across the globe, and are described as the two primary causes of chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (1,2). According to data published by the World Health Organisation (WHO), it is estimated that, worldwide, 257 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus and 71 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of oxidative stress in pregnants with chronic hepatitis B and C

Akar

Başkol²,

Yücesoy³

2021

Anatolian Current Medical Journal

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Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the levels of antioxidant markers (paraoxonase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiol) and oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products, xanthin oxidase, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B and C. Material and Method: Sixty pregnant women in the last trimester, 20 of whom had chronic hepatitis B, another 20 of whom had chronic hepatitis C, and the remaining 20 of whom were healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded for all patients. Results: When compared to the healthy controls, the pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B and C displayed significantly lower levels of paraoxonase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiol (p<0.001). Superoxide dismutase levels were also lower in the chronic hepatitis B and C patients, in comparison to the healthy controls, yet this difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.76). Compared to the healthy controls, the chronic hepatitis B and C patients had significantly higher levels of advanced oxidation protein and xanthine oxidase (p<0.001). The nitric oxide levels of the chronic hepatitis B and C patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the chronic hepatitis B and C patients and the controls for malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels (p>0.05). Conclusion:Oxidative stress had significantly increased in pregnant women chronically infected with the hepatitis B and C viruses, when compared to healthy pregnant women. Thus, we suggest that pregnant women chronically infected with the hepatitis B and C viruses should be closely monitored throughout pregnancy for diseases induced by oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension..

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“…Viral hepatitis refers to a type of infectious disorder that is caused by hepatitis viruses which include HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV [1,2]. In addition to acute liver injury, these hepatitis viruses may also lead to life-threatening conditions such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [3,4]. The clinical course of viral hepatitis is resulted from a complex interaction between pathogen, host and environmental factors, some patients may be asymptomatic the whole life, but some patients may eventually develop liver cirrhosis or even HCC [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between polymorphisms in IL-10 gene and the risk of viral hepatitis: a meta-analysis

Zhang

Chen

2020

Gut Pathog

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Background: The relationships between polymorphisms in interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene and the risk of viral hepatitis remain inconclusive. Therefore, the authors conducted so far the very first meta-analysis to robustly assess the relationships between polymorphisms in IL-10 gene and the risk of viral hepatitis by integrating the results of previous works. Methods: Medline, Embase, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI were searched throughly for eligible studies, and 76 genetic association studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Results: We noticed that rs1800871 (− 819 C/T), rs1800872 (− 592 C/A) and rs1800896 (− 1082 G/A) polymorphisms were all significantly associated with the risk of viral hepatitis in Asians, whereas only rs1800896 (− 1082 G/A) polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of viral hepatitis in Caucasians. In further analyses by disease subtypes, we noticed that the three investigated polymorphisms were all significantly associated with the risk of both HBV and HCV. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates that rs1800871 (− 819 C/T), rs1800872 (− 592 C/A) and rs1800896 (− 1082 G/A) polymorphisms may influence the risk of viral hepatitis in Asians, while only rs1800896 (− 1082 G/A) polymorphism may influence the risk of viral hepatitis in Caucasians. In further analyses by disease subtypes, we noticed that the three investigated polymorphisms may influence the risk of both HBV and HCV.

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Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis B and C

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review

Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review

Evaluation of oxidative stress in pregnants with chronic hepatitis B and C

Associations between polymorphisms in IL-10 gene and the risk of viral hepatitis: a meta-analysis

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