Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): An indian perspective

Poddar, Ujjal

doi:10.1007/s13312-013-0036-x

Cited by 17 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…GER in older children tends to become chronic and has a similar clinical picture to reflux in adults (5). In the literature, while the frequency of regurgitation in healthy infants is 50% at 0-3 months old, it is 23-67% at most at 4-6 months old, and drops to 21% at 7-9 months old, and then it is reported to be below 5% at 10-12 months old (6,7). Although a reflux of >4 times/ day is seen less, it is suggested that the regurgitation rate of >4 times/day in infants up to 3 months old is 20%, while it is 23% at 4-6 months old, 3% at 7-9 months old, and 2% at 12 months old (7).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stretching of the fundus leads to TLESR, stimulating the vagosympathetic reflex. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are triggered by a right-side lying position, the presence of a nasogastric tube, and bloating after meals (1,7,8). Four major mechanisms prevent the occurrence of GER in physiological conditions.…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to PPI, it is used against GERD symptoms, although it is weaker both with regard to the regression of symptoms and the recovery of esophagitis. Side effects such as irritability, hitting the head, headache, and somnolence can occur (1,2,7,8).…”

Section: Drugs Preventing Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Newborn to Teenage: Gastroesophageal Reflux

Urgancı¹,

Usta²

2016

JAREM

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Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is characterized by the involuntary passage of gastric contents into the esophagus. GER disease is defined as a persistent or intermittent passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, which often results in overt clinical signs and symptoms and affects the quality of life. GER is a common disorder in childhood and has a good prognosis. GER in infancy begins within the first month of life, peaks at the 4 th month, and after the first year, it steadily decreases and finally resolves at the age of 2 years. GER physiologically occurs due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, independent of swallowing. The mechanisms against GER include the following; 1. Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, 2. Clearance effect of esophagus, 3. Esophageal mucosal integrity, and 4. Gastric emptying, which prevent the development of GER disease. Although the physiopathology of GER is still not clearly established, proposed factors are genetic, environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and neurogenic. The most responsible factor is lower esophageal sphincter relaxations. The clinical signs of GER varies with age but commonly appear with gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. The diagnosis of GER disease is based on history, physical examination, esophageal pH monitoring, multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal manometry, motility examinations, endoscopy, biopsy, examinations with barium, and nuclear scintigraphy. Treatment of GER includes non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies, such as prokinetic agents and acid suppressors. Surgical treatment indications are relatively limited. (JAREM 2016; 6: 67-73)

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Newborn to Teenage: Gastroesophageal Reflux

Urgancı¹,

Usta²

2016

JAREM

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“…Hiatal hernide His açısı genişlemiştir, özofagiyal hiatusdan gastrointestinal organlar herniye olur, şiddetli reflü özofajitine yol açar. Skolyoz gibi deformitelerde gastroözofagiyal bileşke ve özofagus anatomisi etkilenir (3,5,8).…”

Section: Rġsk Faktörlerġ Ve Patofġzyolojġunclassified

“…Tedavi, kararı verirken empedanslı ya da tek başına pH monitorizasyonu yapılabilir, çünkü ABD de 306 çocukta yapılan çok merkezli randomize kontrollü bir çalışmada zor kontrollü astımlı çocuklarda, lansoprozolün ne semptomları ne de akciğer fonksiyonlarını düzelttiği, hatta mide içeriğinin aspirasyonuna bağlı enfeksiyon riskini artırdığı bildirilmiştir (9,10). Retrosternal yanması olan, nokturnal astımı olan ve steroid bağımlı zor kontrol edilen astım olan çocuklarda uzun dönem medikal ya da cerrahi tedaviden fayda sağlanabilir (8).…”

Section: Rġsk Faktörlerġ Ve Patofġzyolojġunclassified

Çocuklarda Gastroözofagiyal Reflü Hastalığı

Kırşaçlıoğlu¹,

Köksal²

2015

J Contemp Med

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Approach to “Upset Stomach”

Bolia

2017

Indian J Pediatr

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An "Upset stomach" is a common problem encountered by physicians involved in the care of children. It includes, diarrhea, vomiting or abdominal pain. Though often mild and self-limiting, at times there are uncommon life-threatening conditions that require urgent care. It is important for primary physicians to recognize "alarm signs" and make a referral to the specialist at the right time. At the same time it is important to recognize what is normal and re-assure the caregivers. A detailed history and a proper systemic examination are important at presentation, looking for any "red flags". Investigations are seldom needed and the treatment is symptomatic. In acute diarrhea, adequate hydration is the cornerstone of management, which includes recognizing the degree of dehydration and treating with oral rehydration solution and Zinc. Dysentery i.e., bloody diarrhea needs treatment with antibiotics. In children with predominant vomiting and abdominal pain, it is vital to make sure one is not dealing with a "surgical "cause. If the child is not settling, a repeated examination is useful to look for the persistence or evolution of abdominal signs. Vomiting does not localize the problem to the gastro- intestinal (GI) tract and a complete systemic examination is needed to rule out an extra GI cause.

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Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): An indian perspective

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

From Newborn to Teenage: Gastroesophageal Reflux

From Newborn to Teenage: Gastroesophageal Reflux

Çocuklarda Gastroözofagiyal Reflü Hastalığı

Approach to “Upset Stomach”

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