Diagnosis and management of algodystrophy.

Chard, M D

doi:10.1136/ard.50.10.727

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Thus, in response to mechanical forces, sympathetic nerves innervating bone and periosteum (73) may secrete VIP, which would stimulate production by osteoblasts of factors such as IL-6 that regulate bone resorption. It has also been proposed that VIP may be involved in the stimulation of bone resorption observed in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (74). Similarity of function between PTH and VIP likely reflect homology between the intracellular signaling domains of the two receptors (75).…”

Section: Camp Stimulates Immediate-early Expression Of Il-6 and Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation by Parathyroid Hormone of Interleukin-6 and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Expression in Osteoblasts Is an Immediate-early Gene Response Induced by cAMP Signal Transduction

Greenfield

Horowitz

Lavish

1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

127

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Parathyroid hormone and other agents that stimulate bone resorption function, at least in part, by inducing osteoblasts to secrete cytokines that stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity. We previously demonstrated that parathyroid hormone induces expression by osteoblasts of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor without affecting the 16 other cytokines that were examined. We also showed that stimulation of osteoclast activity by parathyroid hormone is dependent on activation of the cAMP signal transduction pathway and secretion of interleukin-6 by osteoblasts. In the current study, we demonstrate that the rapid and transient stimulation of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor is inhibited by actinomycin D and superinduced by protein synthesis inhibitors, the classical characteristics of an immediate-early gene response. Moreover, activation of cAMP signal transduction by parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein is necessary and sufficient to induce both interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor. In addition, cAMP analogues as well as vasoactive intestinal peptide and isoproterenol, two neuropeptides that stimulate bone resorption by activating cAMP signal transduction in osteoblasts, also induce interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in these cells. Taken together with our previous results, this study suggests that interleukin-6 is crucial for stimulation of bone resorption not only by parathyroid hormone, but also by parathyroid hormonerelated protein, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and ␤-adrenergic agonists, like isoproterenol.Excessive skeletal loss is caused by a disturbance in the normal balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts, and bone formation by osteoblasts. Knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate these processes is fundamental to the understanding of the pathogenesis of bone loss that occurs in conditions such as osteoporosis. In addition to forming bone, osteoblasts appear to mediate the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1 and other resorptive agents (1, 2). This concept is best supported by evidence that many agents, including PTH, stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts that are cultured in the presence of osteoblasts but not by osteoclasts that are cultured alone. In most cases, resorption is also stimulated if the osteoblasts are replaced by conditioned media from osteoblasts activated by the resorptive agents. It is therefore thought that the primary effect of the resorptive agents is to stimulate osteoblasts to produce soluble cytokines that activate the osteoclasts.We previously examined the effect of PTH on expression by osteoblasts of mRNAs encoding 18 cytokines, and found that of these only interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were stimulated by the hormone (3, 4). Maximal stimulation was approximately 50-fold for IL-6 and approximately 10-fold for LIF. PTH also stimulates secretion by osteoblasts of both IL-6 (3-9) and LIF (10) proteins. Lack of stimulation of IL-6 and LIF by PTH in particular cell prepara...

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Section: Camp Stimulates Immediate-early Expression Of Il-6 and Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation by Parathyroid Hormone of Interleukin-6 and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Expression in Osteoblasts Is an Immediate-early Gene Response Induced by cAMP Signal Transduction

Greenfield

Horowitz

Lavish

1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

127

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“…An interaction between sympathetic and sensory systems is the basis of a number of chronic pain syndromes termed "sympathetically maintained pain" (SMP) syndromes (Roberts, 1986) or "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" (Swartzman and McLellan, 1987;Chard, 1991;McMahon, 1991). These syndromes include causalgia, an intense burning pain observed following nerve damage (Koltzenburg and McMahon, 1991), and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (Hannington-Kiff, 1977;Kidd et al, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Overexpression of nerve growth factor in transgenic mice induces novel sympathetic projections to primary sensory neurons

Davis

Albers

Seroogy

et al. 1994

J of Comparative Neurology

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Peripheral nerve crush induces novel projections from noradrenergic sympathetic neurons to sensory ganglia, and it has been suggested that these projections provide an anatomical substrate for chronic pain syndromes that occur after nerve injury. The present study demonstrates that novel sympathetic projections to sensory neurons are also induced in transgenic mice that overexpress nerve growth factor (NGF) in the skin. Specifically, a large proportion of trigeminal neurons in NGF transgenic mice were innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive pericellular arborizations that were seen only rarely in controls. Electron microscopic analysis of NGF transgenic mice revealed that trigeminal neurons were surrounded by numerous axonal varicosities containing synaptic specializations. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion abolished TH-immunoreactive arborizations in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion confirming that these fibers were sympathetic axons. A two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that transgenic ganglia contained a tenfold increase in NGF peptide compared to controls. However, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed no apparent expression of transgene mRNA in sensory ganglia, suggesting that the additional NGF was derived from increased NGF expression in the skin. These results indicate that NGF can induce novel sympathetic projections to sensory neurons in vivo and suggests a model in which increased NGF expression plays a role in the development of sympathetic hyperalgesia after nerve injury.

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“…5 Patchy osteoporosis may be present early in the course of the disease, progressing to more diffuse change later. 8 Kozin and colleagues reported a high incidence of bilateral involvement with the articular areas being the most affected.9 Synovial biopsy specimens show varying degrees of oedema, increased vascularity, and proliferation of synovial lining cells, an appearance similar to that found in frozen shoulder.9…”

Section: Clinical Observationsmentioning

confidence: 97%