Diagnosing the decline in climatic mass balance of glaciers in Svalbard over 1957–2014

Abstract

Abstract. Estimating the long-term mass balance of the high-Arctic Svalbard archipelago is difficult due to the incomplete geodetic and direct glaciological measurements, both in space and time. To close these gaps, we use a coupled surface energy balance and snow pack model to analyse the mass changes of all Svalbard glaciers for the period 1957–2014. The model is forced by ERA-40 and ERA-Interim reanalysis data, downscaled to 1 km resolution. The model is validated using snow/firn temperature and density measurements, mass balance from stakes and ice cores, meteorological measurements, snow depths from radar profiles and remotely sensed surface albedo and skin temperatures. Overall model performance is good, but it varies regionally. Over the entire period the model yields a climatic mass balance of 8.2 cm w. e. yr−1, which corresponds to a mass input of 175 Gt. Climatic mass balance has a linear trend of −1.4 ± 0.4 cm w. e. yr−2 with a shift from a positive to a negative regime around 1980. Modelled mass balance exhibits large interannual variability, which is controlled by summer temperatures and further amplified by the albedo feedback. For the recent period 2004–2013 climatic mass balance was −21 cm w. e. yr−1, and accounting for frontal ablation estimated by Błaszczyk et al.(2009) yields a total Svalbard mass balance of −39 cm w. e. yr−1 for this 10-year period. In terms of eustatic sea level, this corresponds to a rise of 0.037 mm yr−1. Refreezing of water in snow and firn is substantial at 22 cm w. e. yr−1 or 26 % of total annual accumulation. However, as warming leads to reduced firn area over the period, refreezing decreases both absolutely and relative to the total accumulation. Negative mass balance and elevated equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) resulted in massive reduction of the thick (> 2 m) firn extent and an increase in the superimposed ice, thin (< 2 m) firn and bare ice extents. Atmospheric warming also leads to a marked change in the thermal regime, with cooling of the glacier mid-elevation and warming in the ablation zone and upper firn areas. On the long-term, by removing the thermal barrier, this warming has implications for the vertical transfer of surface meltwater through the glacier and down to the base, influencing basal hydrology, sliding and thereby overall glacier motion.

Tidewater Glaciers and Bedrock Characteristics Control the Phytoplankton Growth Environment in a Fjord in the Arctic

“…On the archipelago of Svalbard, located in the European high Arctic (74-81 • N, 10-35 • E), over 57% of the land area is covered by glaciers (Nuth et al, 2013). In recent decades, the retreat of glaciers has accelerated (Kohler et al, 2007;Østby et al, 2017) due to increasing summer temperatures (Nordli et al, 2014). At the west coast of Spitsbergen, the largest island of the archipelago, an increased prevalence of warm Atlantic Water (AW) displacing cold coastal water has caused an expedited melting of tidewater glaciers, which terminate directly into the sea (Schauer et al, 2004;Blaszczyk et al, 2009;Walczowski et al, 2017).…”

Differing Climatic Mass Balance Evolution Across Svalbard Glacier Regions Over 1900–2010

“…Even for the Svalbard archipelago (Figure 1), which is among the most intensively studied parts of the Arctic realm, only one century-long mass balance reconstruction [for Werenskiöldbreen by Grabiec et al (2012)] exists so far. Apart from that, several shorter modeled mass-balance time series exist for individual glaciers on the archipelago (e.g., Rasmussen and Kohler, 2007;Rye et al, 2010;Van Pelt et al, 2012;Möller et al, 2013) as well as for entire Svalbard (Lang et al, 2015;Aas et al, 2016;Möller et al, 2016b;Østby et al, 2017). In situ mass balance measurements on selected glaciers exist for more than four decades, e.g., on Austre Brøggerbreen since 1967 (Bruland and Hagen, 2002).…”

Sval_Imp_v1: A gridded forcing dataset for climate change impact research on Svalbard

“…Terrain induced uplift of the air parcel results in condensation and eventually precipitation of moisture downstream of the uplift. This model has been successfully evaluated using precipitation gauges (Barstad and Smith, 2005) and snow measurements (Schuler et al, 2008;Østby et al, 2017) and applied for downscaling precipitation (e.g. Crochet et al, 2007;Jarosch et al, 2012;Roth et al, 2018).…”